Electrical Power System Losses

The term Electrical Power System Losses is not easy to define. Meanwhile we categorize losses into two different types. Technical and non technical. Event if this work is mainly based on technical losses, it is necessary to understand the meaning of both. Energy losses occur in the process of supplying electricity to consumers due to technical and non technical or commercial losses. The technical losses are due to energy dissipated in the conductors and equipment used for transmission, transformation, sub- transmission and distribution of power. These technical losses are inherent in a system and can be reduced to an optimum level. The losses can be further sub grouped depending upon the stage of power transformation & transmission system as Transmission Losses(500kV/220kV/110kV/66kV), as Sub transmission losses, and Distribution losses (below 500KV/220KV, 110KV/66KV). The commercial losses are caused by pilferage, defective meters, and errors in meter reading and in estimating unmetered supply of energy. This work is based on the analysis of losses, methods of losses minimization or reduction, and loss allocation method to different customers. Finally it present the use of PSS/E ( Power System Simulation and Engineering) for the reduction of losses.