| Small Watershed Comprehensive Management is an integrated process that people use specific technical means to give full play to the small basin of water and soil resources and the ecological and economic benefits for the protection and improvement to achieve the rational use of natural and human activities. Using Small Watershed as a unit to carry out comprehensive treatment of soil erosion is an inevitable choice for sustainable development in our country. Small watershed management is not a technical issue, but the important is how to coordinate the relationship of a Small watershed among the components. Only the relation between people and ecological environment is coordinated in the watershed, small watershed can be developed sustainedly and healthily. Therefore, taking the Gaojiangou and the Shitahe small watershed of Changshou,Chongqing city as examples, this research adopts Participatory assessment of farmers to analyse the farmer's water and soil conservation behavior in small watershed and discuss the farmers' attitude and will about the implementation of the comprehensive management of soil and water conservation and influencing factors. On this basis, according to the actual situation of the watershed, using multi-objective linear programming, we take the economical development in Gaojiangou and the ecological environment improvement in Shitahe small watershed as the primary goal to have the small watershed management planning with a view to supply the workably scientific evidence for the small valley soil erosion control and the existing land use structure adjustment. The main conclusions are as follows:(1) At present, farmers have become the main body and the most basic decision-making unit of rural investment, operation, production and other economic activities and. The characteristics of farmers as both production and consumption units determine their production and consumption behaviors.Among Fund, technology and the supply of labor, there is direct and mutual restraint and promotion. Due to lower agricultural income, most farmers ]hope to go outside to work or do business to increase family income. Only a small proportion of farmers hope to increase the family income through increasing agricultural inputs. More than half (52%) of the farmers hope to increase agricultural inputs by increasing the area of amble land, and the number of farmers who want to increase the income through the intentional measurement of small watershed to improve the quality of land is only 10%. Although some farmers show their interest to growing aquaculture industry, because of the restriction of technical standards, the farmers' enthusiasm has been influenced at a certain extent. Farmers' production decision-malting behaviors are influenced by family income, sources of income, the land fragmentation degree, household age and the education level and so on. (2)Farmers have a vague understanding about the land ownership, and nearly half of farmers are unable to correctly understand the basic system: the land ownership belongs to the collective. As in the rural, the phenomenon of leaders' changing land use rights arbitrarily exists commonly, and it seriously affected the initiative of farmers for soil and water conservation management. In a survey about farmers' tendency to the watershed management measures, farmers showed great favor to two measures: building terraces fields and planting trees and grass, and more than half (53.10%) of the farmers preferred to build terraces fields, but 29.40% preferred the planting of trees and grass. In investigation and the contact with farmers, we found that about improving the manufacturing environment through engineering measure, the farmers prefer to promote the formation by the government sponsor and farmers' fund raising, and this formation of the land is more conducive to agricultural production and more beneficial compared to that of the terrace of the Fertilizer and Water Conservation.Through analyzing the influence elements of farmers' soil and water conservation investment firms factors, we found the industry and economic behavior of the farmers affects the input of the soil and water conservation, and the higher industry and economic behavior makes the non-agricultural income of farmers become their main source of income. To such farmers, the land is only a minimum living guarantee. They don't pay attention to the increase of their income or they will not focus on the maintenance of the long-term productivity. The modest scale of farmland operation is beneficial to the soil and water conservation investment.(3)Based on 20 decision-making variables, using multiple objective linear programming, we program the layout of the agriculture, forest and farming of the Gaojiangou watershed in the coming five years. The comprehensive management formula is the developing economical watershed, and through models we conclude that after 5 year's programming,in the slope cropland, there only 40.47% of low slope and thick soil layer can be reserved, and 7.94% slope cropland was transformed to level ground, 8.77% was turned to forest land. 20.54% was transformed to the economic fruit forest and 22.27% was turned to open forest land. The bare hills and bare slopes of the small watershed were treated, and all of them were transformd to the economic fruit forests, the level ground, forest land, economic fruit forest and open forest land were increased to 125.3hm~2,138.4hm~2,331.7hm~2 and 351.5hm~2 respectively. The comprehensive management system of Shitahe watershed is small developing ecological watershed. By using multiple objective linear programming, there only 36.07% of low slope and thick soil layer can be reserved, and 9.02% slope cropland was transformd to level ground, 20.01% was turned to forest land. 19.39% was transformed to the economic fruit forest, 15.51% was turned to open forest land after 5 year's programming through the model. The level ground, forest land, economic fruit forest are increased by 124.3hm~2, 275.8hm~2, 267.2hm~2 respectively. (4)Through using Coatanza's ecological service valuation coefficient, this research analyses the change of ecological service valuation before and after the comprehensive management of the small watershed. The result shows that after the comprehensive management, the two small watershed ecological service valuation both have been increased by 2854180.2 yuan. When analyzing the change of small watershed ecological service valuation, if we adjust all kinds of land's ecological service valuation coefficients 50% respectively, the decrease of the two small watershed ecological service valuation will be less than 2%. Therefore, the degree of ecological service valuation coefficient does not affect the ecological service valuation much. The total change of ecological service valuation is relatively stable and not elastic. So, the ecological service valuation analysis is a workable method to analyze the benefits of Small watershed comprehensive management.
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