A Tentative Study On The Problem Of Altruism And Selfish In Group Selection

Social selection is based on Arrow Theorem. This theory was initially proposed by Arrow K.J in his book Social Choice and Individual Values. It postulates all the men participating in selection are rational and enjoy certain fundamental knowing abilities and the knowledge of cognitive facts. In addition, it makes a negative conclusion on seemingly incontrovertible evidences:it is impossible to take a social welfare function in a group of over three common plans. Alternatively, it is unlikely to reach a universal social selection conclusion. On the one hand, the theorem is suspected constantly. Its conclusion is pessimistic. Nevertheless, nothing other than it can be so generally applied on analyzing the phenomena in economical society. Many a scholars defend its reasonability from formalism perspective. On the other hand, people can form much common consent in economical life by our intuition's judging. Thus, the present dissertation aims to interpret the extracting process of its premises and its justifiability in logical eye. These two respects promote us to make a new choice on research perspective. Instead of judging whether the theorem is right or not, it is to explore group selection on anthropology, ethnology and psychology basis. Furthermore, it studies the possible correlation between rational man and the application of Arrow Theorem on philosophy logic level. Moreover, the thesis makes a further exploration on the importance of group selection in human development while discussing the philosophical meaning on production as well as application in Arrow Theorem.Reacting to "Selfish Gene Analysis", the present dissertation focuses on the point of confirming the existence of altruism in group selection. How does group selection occur? This issue can be separated into two correlative elements:first, what is the relation between group selection and individual selection. Second, is there simply "plus" when individual selection elevates to group selection? The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is to introduce the production, influence and defense of Arrow Theorem, to argue the reasonability of its premise in the eye of philosophical logics, and then to provide two aspects on realizing group selection genetics.The second chapter is to analyze the relation between egoism and altruism in group selection from evolution perspective and its function. We will distinguish the characteristics of historical existence and space from ontological perfective. Upon collecting different criticisms on group selection theory in 1960s, and analyzing significantly the criticisms of empirical and conceptual aspects, the present chapter expounds that group selection exists, the argument of denying its existence is untenable, and the altruism is of importance on human characteristic evolution. This chapter also tries to discuss group selection of human being on the argument against creature group selection of non-human, and illustrates the profound effects of group selection on human development.The third chapter is to explore egoism and altruism in group selection from psychological cognitive perspective. Its aim is to clarify the insufficiency of evidences on human's selfishness on philosophy and psychology after analyzing two actions on thought and action level as well as the possible correlation between them. This chapter extends the thoughts on selection evolution further, tries to make an evolution defense of altruism in human group, and analyzes the differences and similarities between the explanation of egoism selection and the truth of altruism selection.The forth chapter is to define the function of moral identity in group selection. This chapter is a retrospection and intensification of Chapter Two and Chapter Three. On analyzing the situation of moral preaching in "hitchhiking" action in intragroup and intergroup setting, it explores group supports on altruism in the setting of same moral identity, then illustrates the function of language preaching in the process of altruism producing on language philosophy level.