An Analysis Of Revenue And Expenditure Of Peasant's Family Of South "Manchuria" Of The Thirties

"Manchuria", which composed by traitors was a puppetpolitical power, it was established by Japan's army in order toannex three Northeastern Provinces of China. It's a result of theWar of Japan Invaded China. And at the same time it's the toolof Japan invaded China. Especially the tool of Japan plundered andenslaved Chinese in three Northeastern Provinces of China.Three Northeastern Provinces of China is a place with much landand few people and there are abundance products. The farmer hereis richer than who live in north China. So the place is the firstchoice of farmer who lives in north China when they have to fleefrom a calamity. But after the occurrence of "918" and theestablishment of the "Manchuria"the heaven turn to hell.ⅠThe Status of Family Receipt and Expenditure of EachStratum FarmerAccording to the data of "Manchuria"we can computed thestatus of family receipt and expenditure of kulak,middle peasant,poor peasant and farmhand in 1935.Kulak: A family's gross earnings were 1004.16yuan and totalexpended 1133.49yuan. So every family lost 129.33yuan in 1935.Middle peasant: The gross earnings were 251.41yuan, totalexpended 263.98yuan. So we can know that a family lost 12.57yuan.Poor peasant: A family's total earnings were 103.70yuan andtotal expend 111.90yuan, one family lost 8.20yuan.Farmhand: The gross earnings were 68.76yuan and everyfamily's total expenditure were 71.66yuan, so a family lost inbusiness 2.90yuan.So we can draw an conclusion from the data above that the farmerlive in south"Manchuria"was bankrupted in 1935.But before establishment of "Manchuria"the revenue andexpenditure situation of every stratum was: Kulak surplus was 4327.75yuan, middle peasant's surplus was 406.24yuan; poor peasant'ssurplus was 176.12yuan. The peasant households of these threestrata had surpluses every year. The farmhand, because the authorfails to collect enough data, therefore the farmhand's preciserevenue and expenditure data failing to calculate out beforesetting up"Manchuria". But we can find out economic conditionsof farmhand had already worsened than before that according torecording historical data.ⅡThe Analysis of condition of farmer family's receipt andexpenditureFirst, revenue and expenditure of peasant's family are unableto make ends meet. From the first part we can see that the Kulaklost 129.33yuan every family, the medium farmer lost 12.57yuan,the poor peasants family lost 8.20yuan, and Farmhand lost 2.90yuan.So the peasant household had no choice but to borrow money in orderto make a living. So it is very surprising no matter in debt rateor number of loan paid of peasant in that period. Even the landlordalso couldn't escape by luck. When survey peasant fully in the south"Manchuria", they had investigated 22 landlords at the same time,there were 13 liabilities among them unexpectedly .Secondly, peasant household's amount of loss and its annualincome were in direct radio. From the covariance analysis of thefirst part we can also see that the annual amount of loss of peasanthousehold of four strata becomes direct ratio instead of thebusiness scale of the annual gross income land in direct radio.Its reason was mainly because rich peasant and middle peasant allinvest a large sum of expenditure in agricultural production; poorpeasant and hired farmhand were much smaller by contrast. But theincome that cultivated the land was extremely meager, even lostmoney sometimes, therefore tilled lands the thanks to decreasingthe more greatly more phenomenon. In addition, with planting theincrease of the scale of land, peasant households the morepopulation had, the social relationships was the wider, richpeasant's cost in life expenditure and communication expenditurewas naturally much more than peasant households of other threestrata.Moreover, peasants'bankrupt coexist with agriculturalproduction development. Generally, the development of peasants'income and agricultural production was of close concern to eachother, but false full period demonstrates a kind of strangephenomenon: The development of peasants' bankrupt and agriculturalproduction was compatible.After 1935, agricultural production was developed to someextent gradually no matter the cultivated area of the crops or theoutput of the crops improve to some extent. But calamitous peasantswere poorer, sinking deeper and deeper in the mire living byborrowing. The existence of this strange phenomenon, was exactlythe embodiment of the colony characteristic of full agriculturalproduction of the south, it was prosperous but not this rich worldcommon fault of colony in the full behavior of the south"Manchuria".Fourth, the influence of change of revenue and expenditure ofpeasant's family was far-reaching. After the false country of"Manchuria"sets up, peasants' pauperization under thecircumstances that the sun was pressed falsely doubly, had allexerted an extensive and deep influence on the agriculture,countryside and society at that time. Danger of agriculture'scollapse was increasing. Peasants in abject poverty caused thedevelopment of agricultural production to lose real, final motiveforce, could go on normally only under false subsidy of"Manchuria". The rural respect was leaving the village ofpeasants. Chinese peasants always attached to native land andunwilling to leave it。But when they lost their land they had toleave the native place and escape in order to evade the falseextorting on day. The social respect has three pieces of influencemainly: emigration of immigrant from north China, upswing of resistagainst Japan and "Manchuria"and deterioration of socialsecurity.ⅢReason of peasant's family life pauperizationAfter the establishment of "Manchuria"peasant who livedin the south of "Manchuria"become too extremely poor. They werein abject poverty even they worked all day and all night. At thatcondition borrowing was their last and only way. There were itsmain reasons.First of all, flames of war, banditry, destruction of naturalcalamity, confiscation of peasant's manpower,livestock and cartby Japan army and "Manchuria", all these had caused decline ofagricultural production.Secondly, immigrant from Japan protected by army, constructionof the group village and the spoliation by financial capital ofJapan's and "Manchuria", all of these caused the decrease ofpeasant's land. Thus peasants' production income was reduced.Moreover, the Japan and "Manchuria"controls the low-pricedvalley of policy injured agriculture, Japanese unscrupulousmerchant's manipulation of the price of agricultural productscaused " sell cheap and buy expensively " of peasant .All thesecaused peasants to suffer exploitation of " scissors difference".Fourth, the bankruptcy of the cottage industry. The care ofthe Japanese goods of "Manchuria"tariff made the Japanesemerchandise pour into the Northeastern market like the tidewater,the cottage industry of the countryside of the Northeast unableto compete with it naturally, went bankrupt finally.Fifth, the decline of the salary. The salary was a great sourceof economic income of working people of lower floor to work, butafter establishing of "Manchuria", the salary drops suddenly.It made a great way to get better off of peasants' broken offgradually.