1-Hsien And The Treaties In The Late Qing Dynasty

China had signed plenty of treaties since the first opium war,treaties had played a vital role in the Qing Dynasty' diplomatic activities.In the long period of more than 20 years ,1—Hsien was in charge of foreign affairs, his notions of treaties had been accumulating.His knowledge of treaties enrichened his diplomatic thoughts and also guided his activities.The essay below analyzes 1—Hsien's status in the course of the development of the treaties ,and comments on his diplomatic thoughts.The essay is composed of six chapters.In chapter One ,the writer makes a concise introduction of his knowledge of treaties,including the signing and repairing of traties ,the relations between the treaty law and the national law,etc. By contrasting with some others ,the writer analyzes the characters of his learning of the treaties.Chapter two deals with 1—Hsien and the Beijing Treaty .The writer analyzes 1—Hsien's attitude ,and points out that he did not oppose signing treaties with the invaders .He wanted to fight back ,but he was not determined. He thought it an auxuliary method .The Beijing peace—talking had great influence on him .In the third chapter ,the writer relates to the conformity to the treaties .This chapter analyzes the reasions and makes a comment.The forth chapter analyses 1—Hsien's attitude to the request of the treaty—signing of the small western countries.The writer thinks that though 1—Hsien made some measures to resist the request ,the countries had succeeded in getting what they wanted in the end .Chapter five mainly copes with the treaty—relationship with Japan. 1—Hsien did not realize the 1870—treaty of great significance .In order to end the Liuqiu incident ,he came to terms with Japan .In the last chapter ,the writer accounts 1—Hsien's attitude and what he did in the altering of the Britain—China treaty and the ILi treaty.In conclusion ,the essay analyzes the status of 1—Hsien in the course of the developing of the treaties and makes a comment on his thoughts of foreign affairs. .