| In the Spring and Autumn Period,Zhou Household lost to the control of thevassals,the big vassals such as Qi,Jin,Qin,Chu inflated continuously,the big vassalscompeted for hegemony became the most obvious characteristic this period.And withLu,Zheng,Song,Wei for representative of medium or small vassals then had to seekthe existence in the circumstance of big vassals competed for hegemony.At thissituation of royalty falled beside,the big vassals competed for hegemony,small vassalssought existence,the frequency of the diplomacy activity greatly for exaltation,alsospread out many fascinating and interesting diplomatic languages from,loaded in《Zuo Zhuan》spread up to now.This article draws up on the existing research resultfoundation as to it's take in to induce the sorting,since make reader is clear at a glance,also convenient the scholars afterwards who will research from other angles.The nextin order,the diplomacy means and the diplomacy strategies that《Zuo Zhuan》diplomatic language reflect out,still have to certainly draw lessons from the meaningup to now.This article's introduction part introduces general research situation,thenexplained the reason of not to use "Xing ren Ci" or "Bang Jiao" but choose"diplomacy","diplomatic language",give the integrity concept of "diplomaticlanguage",in the spring and autumn period,Zhou Household with vassals and betweenvassals,according to the usual practice,appoint authorities representative,theauthorities that mainly take supporting the native benefits as the purpose to carry onof the formal association define "diplomacy",from here dialogue and the letter define"diplomatic language".According to the defination,introduce the four points whenselecting material in 《Zuo Zhuan》,that whether material meet the request of"sovereignty nation","authorities representative","between authorities and nationalinterests","the expression method" or not.Chapter 1 mainly is to classify the diplomatic language of 《 ZuoZhuan 》 .According to classification by diplomatic subject,could see languagequantity of Jin,Qi together the Central plains vassals is mostly, the secluded vassalsquantity of Qin,Chu...etc,be partial to little.According to classification by thediplomacy situation,could see "Chao Pin","Meng Hui","Yan Xiang"and war situationare main diplomacy situation.Because the diplomacy subject is different frompurpose,even in the same situation,the style of their language also not definitelysame.For various purpose of meaning with traditional situation,the style still there iscertain regulation could look for,for example in the "Meng Hui"situation,the languagemostly concise and comprehensive;at the war situation,language usually anxiousetc.According to diplomacy purpose could divided diplomatic language into fivekinds,take political benefits as the purpose,take national dignity as the purpose,takepolitical person as the purpose,the military purpose and economic purposes.As take itinto analysis,could divided the diplomacy subject into three entirely differentpositions,Zhou Household,big vassals and small vassals.The biggest characteristicscompare with big vassals and small vassals is inequality,that represent:when disputewith political benefits and national dignities,big vassals usually take toughattitude,small vassals suffers indignities without protest much;the small vassals is verypolite to the political person of the big vassals,the big vassals then couldcondemn,threaten,even imprison the political person of small vassals;the big vassalsusually launches the war of loot the small vassals,the small vassals then goes and livewith the big vassals to look for the protection;The big vassals can order the smallvassals burden hard labor,transporting the property to themselves,the small vassalsonly obey mostly.The diplomacy between big and small vassals launch around thiskind of inequality relation.Chapter 2 mainly analyse the language features of diplomatic language."ShangLi Gu Wen"is total characteristics of the diplomatic language. "Li" expresses formallyin the diplomatic language is respectfully language to the other side and modestlanguage to self,for example,call the the other side "Da Guo","Jun","Zi",call self"Xiao Guo","Gua Jun","Xia Chen"...etc."Li" is in the performance on the contents ofthe diplomatic language mainly is to the question and answer about "Li",negotiationof whether some matter matches the "Li" or not, its purpose is with support thenational dignity and honourable."Wen" is the outside manifestation of "Li",could becomprehended from two aspects,on the one hand is diplomatists's character,namelythe scholarship is encyclopedic,exceling the language;On the other hand, thepersonnel of the high character comes to a decision the diplomatic language that itmake use of tactful and beautiful.Quote from the classic cultural heritage 《Shi》 is avery outstanding characteristics o《fZuo Zhuan》 diplomatic language,according to thestatistic,31 segments diplomatic languages quote from《Shi》,add up to quote from 77times, involve 60 the articles of 《Shi》,among them 《Feng》 with 《Xiao Ya》 werequoted most frequently.The diplomacy function of quote form 《Shi》 represent twoaspects, one is it could well express praise, amity or disaffection,irony;the other iswhen express the claim,suggest or admonish meaning it could strengthen the talkpoint,make other people accept easily,get twice the result with half the effort.《ZuoZhuan 》 diplomatic language still used various rhetoric such astactful,compare,parable,counter-question,citation.Chapter 3 focus on reserch the relationship between diplomatic language andpolitical position of Springs and Autumn Period .Zhou Household once try to cast in abone between vassals,then no longer did the meaningless effort afterwards.Diplomaticlanguage of Zhou Household to the big vassals,one is to bestow, draw together the bigvassals to help with the claim,the other is still dare to argue by reasoning with vassalswho harass to its benefits.Zhou Household does not have high expectation to the smallvassals,the language to the small vassals few.Except show interest of properties,bigvassals often show honest with Zhou Household by help.Big vassals at the realstrenght usually adopt the tough attitude to the small vassals,but rising in other bigvassals,the personal square influence does not have the excellent situation under thesituation that usually adopt the conciliation policy to the small vassals.A hour withequal real strenght of big vassals,all not wish to cross swords with the others face toface,when big vassals have excellent,also will stay for the others enoughly.This isbecause two strong fight to have the harm by all means with each other, not as mainas energy put on loot to the conquest of the minor power.The small vassals has theesteem to Zhou Household yet,would like to listen to the arrangement of ZhouHousehold,hoping to get the approbation.In later Spring and Autumn Period,the smallvassals seldom become enemies,still appeared to help each other several times.Smallvassals for the sake of the maintenance self-interest,make use diplomatic language tocarry on the diplomacy conflict again at the same time of following the big vassals.Acharacteristics of Lu vassal diplomatic language is to be good at theexploitation"Li",when express"Li"impassability it also have to endure to let.Thecharacteristics of Song vassal diplomatic language is to adopt to resist determinedly inorder to the existence,is the main characteristics of Sung vassals diplomaticlanguage,but Sung also work foolish and have not versatility.Zheng vassal could notonly do an accurate and analytical judgment to the political situation of the eachstage,but also being good at making use of the careful and reasonable diplomaticlanguage to persuade the big vassals.The politics,economy,culture of Spring andAutumn Period brings about decisive influence on diplomatic language,diplomaticlanguage with their variety but variety,express fresh and clear ages characteristics.
|
PDF Full Text Request