People's Participation Of The Ban On Opium-smoking And The Opium Trade Sports In The New Policies Of Latter Stage Of Qing Dynasty

New policies of latter stage of Qing Dynasty at the beginning of the 20th century, become a hot problem of studying in modern history in recent years. Ban on opium-smoking and the opium trade as an important measure of it, will be paid close attention to by the scholar unavoidably ,and has made the obvious achievement. But to the cognition of people before and after sports, most scholars are the plain argumentation, few scholars have carried on further investigation on it. Regard putting various firsthand information in order as the foundation, this text tries hard to show the era at that time scene again, hold the important information among them. The article regards public opinion of newspapers and periodicals as the main visual angle, people's cognition is the main entrance discussed, have described people's important function in this movement systematically.The thesis is divided into chapter four, including foreword and conclusion.Chapter one describes is the progress which the people of each stratum realize at the beginning of the Policy forbidden. That realize opium harmfulness is a group of enlightened gentlemen at first. They write to the emperor through their special status, Or issued the impressions in their own letter and diary.Because of modern newspapers and periodicals appearance of media, make, pass the imperial examinations lower floor gentry have one expression one's own thought and platform known also, have just become them and propagated the malicious important position that endanger of cigarette naturally. Newspapers and periodicals advertisement because of drive of economic benefits, too malicious to propagate, play, not be in the mood for, insert willow function that willow makes a pleasant shade to cigarette. Lower floor people though have various knowledge and know limitation at, the blank on cigarette malicious understanding. So we can think, it is exactly the malicious and cognitive progress of the whole people's cigarette of this kind to a certain extent, the strong one has pushed the arrival of sports of banning on opium-smoking and the opium trade.Chapter two has expounded development course which people knew about the action of banning on opium-smoking and the opium trade before the fact that bans on opium-smoking and the opium trade. The whole seal development that talked about in 30 years of latter stage of Qing Dynasty and course of falling by " lifting a ban " are main clues, and concurrently expounds the fact the gradual accumulation talked about in " fasting " and improves, catch the interdynamic relation among public opinion, government policy, social reality, must produce just because of the decline talked about and withdraw from the public opinion stage finally of " lifting a ban" finally, make the public opinion at that time reach unprecedented unanimity, had besides " forbidding " the cigarette poisonously His way. So ban on opium-smoking and the opium trade arrival of sport such identical inevitable development result of public opinion.Chapter three has described the becoming flexible of some ban on opium-smoking and the opium trade of the government and British opium import policy. Receive the domestic public opinion and realistic heavy pressure, the Qing Government has already walked haltingly and started in the journey banning on opium-smoking and the opium trade, but unable to form the nationwide tide in a short time. And just at this moment, the criticism of realistic and internal and external public opinions that opium trade declines, make the British government insist the opium trade policy of decades became flexible at last. And this kind becomes flexible but paid close attention to by various strength in time, and have an effect at the same time, impel the Qing Government to catch this good opportunity, release and ban on opium-smoking and the opium trade Yu's order formally, has opened the preludes of sports of banning on opium-smoking and the opium trade.Chapter four has expounded citizen's participation after the fact that is sports are launched to ban on opium-smoking and the opium trade. Stratum, gentry of officer, play a key role too in the course of banning on opium-smoking and the opium trade this time as the Chinese key stratum of society, they not only upload this kind of promotion to assign to having very great promotion on the understanding banning on opium-smoking and the opium trade, turn this kind of cognition into a firm ban on opium-smoking and the opium trade action. And is still playing a with important it role as the newspapers and periodicals of gentry's mouthpiece of middle level. Lower floor people shift well too among the sport, get one rare understanding promote with the thought teaching beginners among banning on opium-smoking and the opium trade sport, have promoted the development of sports of banning on opium-smoking and the opium trade to a certain extent too.The ending of the article has been reviewed citizen's participation in the whole movement. The pushing of public opinion is a key factor of this movement. It is exactly because of people's long-term propaganda on Poison the opium and untiring exploration of countermeasure of banning on opium, Just make this movement pursued smoothly. And its meaning not merely lies in this, people are spontaneous to the poisonous propaganda that endangered of cigarette, it is one that holds the people's movement of teaching beginners intelligently too. While moving this, it is benefited not only there are numerous common people, the propagandist but also benefits a great deal among them. Spontaneous suggestions to policy of banning on opium-smoking and the opium trade of people, is participating in and discuss government and political affairs of a kind of initial form in a certain meaning, they regard making the society extricate oneself from a predicament as the goal with the awkward question of difficult problem of the government, have already possessed modernized people's quality to a certain extent. So we can appraise this movement as follows, it was originally for removing the old bad habit in the society, but let more persons reap new knowledge during the course.