The Implementation Of The Feudal Land Tax System And Environmental Changes In Early Stage Of Qing Dynasty In The Area Of Huang River

The environmental changes are resulted from the combined function ofhuman activities and nature itself, and human activity is the most active and motilefactor. In the past, the majority research on the environmental changes have beenlimited to social economic behavior caused by general human activities, meanwhilelacked the attention to system and policy in doing those research, which are the drivingforces of the human social economic behavior. If we introduce the system and thepolicy factors into the research on the environmental changes in western regions, theresearch will be more comprehensive and deeper.Therefore,studying the environmentalchanges from the angle of system and policy is a new perspective that has been takeninto use. The Huang River region belongs to the ecological environment frail area, whatis worse; there were some remarkable changes in environment in early stage of Qingdynasty. In my opinion, the feudal land taxation system in Qing dynasty is the mostimportant external drive that affected the area of Huang River's environmental changes;because the feudal land taxation system of this area was promulgated and implementedin Qing dynasty. The data about the feudal land tax collection system and theenvironmental changes in this area are aboundant, we can analyze the Nation and theLocal administration district from the system angle,because the information haveprovided a solid foundation to study the relation of the feudal land tax collection systemand the environmental changes. This paper takes the area of Huang River as an examplefrom 1644 to 1840; it studies the implementation of the feudal land tax collectionsystem and the records of the natural environment changes by collection, thereorganization and analysis to these data. And we can analyze the following questionsbellow: Have the system influenced the environmental changes in a certain period andselected place? And if it is so, to what extent did it influenced the environmentalchange?This paper comprises five parts:The first part generally introduces the selection of topic, limits to the selectedresearch concept, the current research situation. The second part introduces the status on the establishment and implementation offeudal land taxation system in Early stage of Qing dynasty(from 1644 to 1840). And inthis part, the author briefly analyzed the land occupancy circumstance and the feudalland taxation commitment status in the area of Huang River in Early stage of Qingdynasty. Based on it, the author takes the second step to analyse the promulgatation andimplementation circumstances of the feudal land taxation system under the reign ofemperor ShunZhi, KangXi, from YongZheng to DaoGuang in Qing dynasty. At last, thispart has a brief summary about the concrete contents and characteristics of the feudalland taxation system in each period.The third part discusses about the implementation result of the feudal land taxationsystem. This part mainly introduces some informations under the feudal land taxationsystem ,including the total amount of the food and grass, and general situations incomeand the expenditure, as well as changes in the volume land that has been documented.The expansion trend of the agriculturally distributed districts, the changes about themode of production in Zang race and Tu race. In a word, these discussions mainly laythe foundation for analyzing the environment changes in the following parts.The fourth part tries to discuss the relations between the collection of the feudalland taxation system and the environmental changes. Firstly, it divides the Early stageof Qing dynasty into two stages, thus recovering the environmental appearance ofHuang River district in the Early stage of Qing dynasty in detail, and concludes thetrend of the environmental changes, then, we know that great changes had taken place inthis area in the Early stage of Qing dynasty, which was highlighted by the decreasing ofearth's surface natural plants and the soil erosion. In order to know the source of theenvironmental changes, the author tries to solve the problem in natural factors andhuman activities. According to the particular geographic position, the author believesthat the frail natural conditions perhaps posed as the external reason of theenvironmental changes in this area, and discusses the internal reason from theperspective of weather conditions in Ming and Qing dynasty. The soil condition andearth's surface plants etc. In addition, the writer still introduces in brief the relatedhuman activities that possibly might affected the natural environment of the HuangRiver region, and the relations between the feudal land tax system and the way theyconduct collections of the feudal land tax affects the natural environment changes ect.Finally, the writer anticipates that some correlative factors about the feudal land tax system are the external driving force and catalysts that caused the worsening of naturalenvironment.The fifth part sums up this paper: the local government in Huang River regionconstituted some laws about the feudal land taxation system in succession, and thenimplemented them. Finally, officials on various levels carried out laws with their effort,then, the collection on land tax brought the positive economic performance, andinfluenced the natural environment of that area. So the collection on land tax becamethe main external driving forces and catalysts in the changing of the naturalenvironment in a large extent, and the frail natural condition of that area was the internalmotive that affected the environmental changes.To sum up, the first part is the basic section; the second part narrates many kinds ofthe feudal land tax system which promulgated by the central government and the localgovernment in the Early stage of Qing dynasty in Huang River region, that is the basisfor the discussion; the third part is the concern and analysis on the implementationresults of the feudal land tax collection system; the fourth part tries to explore therelations between the feudal land tax collection system and environmental changes, andthe last part is the conclusion of this paper.