Communication And Transmission In The Amalgamation Of Manchu And Han Cultures

In the long history of mankind, cultures of different nationalities and regions are amalgamated and evolved which accompanied by continuous collision. Therefore, cross-cultural transmission is becoming focus which attracts more and more attention now.Manchu established feudal united regime which is the one nearest our culture. Cultures of Han and Manchu interact with each other and achieve development through communication in the conflict of contradiction and unification. And new cultural pattern and phenomenon emerged subsequently. The amalgamation and conflict of Manchu and Han cultures can reflect relationship of culture development among various nationalities in China to a certain extent. Therefore, such amalgamation and conflict of Manchu and Han cultures has great significance.At present, a large number of scholars pay more attention to the relationship among various nationalities in China. And large quantities of books in relation to such subject are published. Meanwhile, discourses about Manchu culture and relationship between Manchu and Han nationalities already exist. However, the discourses referring to what kind of amalgamation Manchu and Han cultures experienced and what methods and channels used for cultural transmission and communication between Manchu and Han.Currently, there is a rush to deeply discover and protect traditional cultures of every nationality in China. Consequently, researching the discourse about amalgamation and conflict of Manchu and Han cultures will play a very active role in prompting discovery and protection of traditional cultures of Manchu and Han; moreover, it will perfect academic subject system of cross-cultural mass communication among micro-cultures in Chinese large culture cycle.Taking above-mentioned views into consideration, this thesis is completed through consulting a number of information by writer.The thesis is divided into four parts.Part one mainly expounds population mobility is an important factor to affect communication and transmission between different cultures. However, population mobility caused from wars and compulsive methods took by potentate is important communication way during cultural amalgamation of Manchu and Han cultures. Since Jin dynasty to Qing military entered into central plains of China, a large number of Han people were constantly looted to northeast area. When invaded to the south every time, the Jurchens looted large quantity of Han people and property back to their area, first in Youzhou and Yanzhou area, then extended to all parts of central plains. It was striking because of many times and large quantity of looting Han people. In addition, the Eight Banners system and Together Living system of"the Jurchens and Nikan together live in a village, together eat food grain and together feed horses with forage"promulgated by Nu'er Hachi are the main factors to boost population mobility and cultural amalgamation in that period. This thesis further elucidates some changes of cultural images, such as language and name etc caused from population mobility.Part two shows that dealings of trade and economic is an important transmission method of cultural communication between Manchu and Han. Here refers to two trade channels between Manchu and Han which also are channels of cultural communication between Manchu and Han. They are tribute-paying and horse market. Part two expatiates that how the Jurchens and Han made trade dealings by tribute-paying and horse market in Jin, Ming and Qing dynasties. At the same time, part two illuminates agriculture and handicraft of Manchu has developed greatly in the process of trade dealings, which made Manchu transform into agricultural nationality from the nationality relying on nomad, fishing and hunting.In part three, the writer demonstrates the role of intermarriage by using contrastive method. Intermarriage is an important way for cultural transmission in cultural communication. Here respectively expounds intermarriage between Manchu and Han prompted cultural amalgamation, and no intermarriage obstructed cultural communication.Part four puts forward the point that political innovation carried by rulers made cultures of Manchu and Han amalgamate. It also points that change from top to bottom boosted cultural amalgamation between Manchu and Han to climax. Under the advocating of Nu'er Hachi and Huangtaiji in early period of Qing and some emperors in late period of Qing, the Manchu people actively learnt and absorbed advanced Han culture, which is one of the most important factors for prompting its self-development. On the premise that Manchu entered into central plains and whole country was unified, Qing dynasty adopted top-to-bottom method to boost cultural communication between Manchu and Han. Qing dynasty tried its best to use all methods to govern country. These methods were good for political stability and economic development in Qing dynasty. Part four also enumerates many achievements caused by political and cultural innovation.On the basis of analyzing transmission and communication of cultural amalgamation between Manchu and Han, the writer comes to four conclusions: cross-cultural transmission can not be generated without same cultural factor; the Manchu initiatively entered into the Chinese nation; inclusion of Han culture is very mighty; the Manchu is one part of Chinese nation and Exclude Manchu is only a revolutionary slogan. The writer makes further demonstration about each conclusion in detail by combining with text for deeply proof writer's views.