American New Town Development And Its Features

At the end of 19^th.Century,Ebenezer Howard published his masterpiece of urban planning Garden City of Tomorrow,in which he invented the Garden City Theory that urged the combination of urban and rural advantages to construct new towns,and offered the basic theory for the New Town Movement of every country.American New Town Movement started in 1920s and made an end in 1980s,covering approximately the Trial Period and Maturity Period,accumulating plenty of experience and lessons on urban planning, construction,management and problems' resolutions,holding very important research values.Part 1 of main body focused on a detailed introduction of the Garden City Theory of Ebenezer Howard,based on three aspects such as the background,core and essence of the Garden City Theory.This thesis used three pictures to analyses the core and essence.The essence of the theory was a centralized deconcentration realized from deconcentration to concentration.Part 2 offered the historical facts of the Trail Period of American New Town Movement. During the 1920s,an American architect Clarence Stein who put his faith in the Garden City Theory organized Regional Planning Association of America which built the first American new town Radburn based on the Garden City Theory,thus sparking American New Town Movement.In New Deal,federal government built three federal Greenbelt Towns based on the Garden City Theory.All of new towns which built in the Trial Period were bankrupt.Part 3 offered the historical facts of the Maturity Period last from 1960s to 1980s,in which some private-entrepreneurs new towns and federal-private cooperative new towns were built.Columbia Maryland was a shinning symbol that brought the maturity of the American new town.As American federal government addressed that it discontinue offering any guarantee to the additional private new towns in 1975,besides some new towns bankrupted, American New Town Movement declined abruptly.In 1983,because of an end of the cooperation made by President Reagan,American New Town Movement advanced hardly, and at last stagnated.Part 4 compared the American suburbs and the American new towns,reveal the main features of the American new towns.The American new towns had four features.The first one was planned,organized and equipped.This point met the needs of Self-Sufficiency of the Garden City Theory.The second was more investment and more hazards.The third was more heterogeneity,which existed in income and race such tow aspects.The forth was multi-way transportation.The American new towns had multi-way transportation systems to restrain the abuse of private traffics and advanced the development of mass transportation.Part 5 summarized the influence of American New Town Movement.American New Town Movement not only offered a new solution to the urban renewal,but also advanced the development of the planning and relative theory,and impressed the formulation of American housing and planning policies.