Tragedy Of The Commons Under The Governance Perspective Of China's World Heritage Site Management

The world heritage refers to rear,irreplaceable world treasure recognized by UNESCO and the World Heritage Committee.It is all mankind recognized cultural relics and natural with significance and outstanding universal value.In the narrow sense,the World Heritage refers to four main categories,including World Cultural Heritage,World Natural Heritage,World Cultural and Natural Heritage and Cultural Landscape. Generally,according to the forms and natures,The World Heritage is separated into cultural heritage,natural heritage,cultural and natural heritage,memory heritage,oral and intangible heritage and cultural landscape heritage.In China,there are a large number of high-grade World Heritage projects.However, these heritages are facing the threat of destruction and the treat is increasing day by day. On one hand,the heritage is being ruining for the natural reason as the time goes by;on the other hand,the deterioration of the social and economical conditions causes the difficult-solving damages.Moreover,any form of damage or destroy to the cultural and natural heritage may result into the extinguishing of it.This paper focuses on the comment and analysis of theory of Tragedy of the Commune and its management,taking an example of the world heritage—Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area.It studies on the development and management for the protection and tourism development of China's world heritage sites.Moreover,it reveals the managing mode and relative methods for world heritage sites currently in China.The whole paper is separated into five chapters.In the first chapter,it mainly studies on the background,purpose and significance of this research in this paper.It reveals the newest situation on the research overseas and domestically,commenting on the content, innovations and research methods and pointing out the significance of the study on the world heritage site to China,even the whole Chinese nation.Meanwhile,it also reveals the current problems need to be solved greatly for managing on Chinese world heritage.The second chapter is mainly on the commons for the tragedy of the commons and three main managing methods to it.Brief analysis and evaluation to the three managing methods can also be found in this chapter.ChapterⅢanalyses on two main methods on the protection and tourism development for current China to the World heritage sites.It suggests the "separation of powers" theory and united national part managing system "national part" theory to be adopted."Separation of powers" refers to the separation of rights on the owning and operation.These two current managing theories have been analyzed in this chapter.The solution of the disadvantages and advantages of these two theories shows that both of them are not suitable for Chinese situation.ChapterⅣis the main body of this paper as well as the core and innovation points. At first,it briefly introduces the concept of the world heritage and the general situation of the Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area.Then it detailed analyzes series of problems about the short of understanding of the relationship between the protection and tourism development of Wulingyuan(the world heritage site),the overloading development,disorderly development,misplaced development,and so on,which contributes to the final conclusion that Wulingyuan has already been an obvious and typical Tragedy of the Commune.Finally,on the basis of the analysis on the situation of managing of Chinese World Heritage site and Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area,it reveals that the managing on the world heritage sites should be under the government-led Zmanagement of multi-class multi-level govemance model.At the same time,relative three managing methods are put forward according the managing modes, namely,government management,listed company management and community participation.ChapterⅤis the conclusion and the outlook for the study of this paper.