A Comparative Study Among "Erqie","Bingqie" And "Kuangqie" From The Semantics,Syntax And Pragmatics Point Of View

This paper makes deep comparisons among three words-"erqie","bingqie" and "kuangqie" from the semantics,syntax and pragmatics point of view,and it is composed of 4 parts:The first part is preface.In this part,we fix the object of our research,introduce the general situation of predecessors' researches on the three words,and explain the ideas of our reseach and the source of example sentences we used in the paper.The second part is the research on the three words from the semantics point of view.We begin with the explainations of the three words in some authorized dictionaries so as to classify them and make selections among them.Then we confirm that "erqie" means "further in degree" and "equal and complemental in relation";"bingqie","further in degree","two actions happen simultaneously or one after another" and "equal in relation";"kuangqie","to make a further explaination".And then,we make the research on the relations between the former part and the latter one which the three words connect,and we find that the relation of the two parts of both "erqie" and "bingqie" may be "further" or "equal",the order may be "one after another" or "simultaneous";while "kuangqie" can only express a special further relation,that is "to make a further explaination".The third part is the research on the three words from the syntax point of view.By research,we find that the former parts and the latter ones of all the three words may include several items,so,unlike what's shown in some dictionaries,"bingqie" needn't to be placed before the last item when it connects several items."Erqie" can connect words,phrases,clauses,sentences and paragraphs;"bingqie" is similar to "erqie" in this aspect but it can't connect paragraphs;while "kuangqie" can only connect clauses, sentences and paragraphs.In connecting words,when used alone,both "erqie" and "bingqie" can only connect verbs,adverbs and adjectives,and can't connect nouns."Erqie" can connect monosyllabic verbs and adjectives,while "bingqie" has no this usage.In connecting phrases, when used alone,the former and the latter phrases being connected by "erqie" or "bingqie" can be all predicate phrases but can not be all body part-of-speech phrases.Words which have the connecting function coming with "erqie" or "bingqie" in the same sentence can be divided into the former words and the latter words,but "kuangqie" has only the latter words coming with it. When "erqie" comes with the former words,it can connect more linguistic parts than used alone:not only verbs,adverbs and adjectives, but also nouns;not only predicate phrases,but also body part-of-speech phrases,prepositional phrases.But it can't connect sentences and paragraphs when come with the former words.The places of "erqie","bingqie" and "kuangqie" in sentences or paragraphs are somehow stable.When the three words connect two items, they are placed between them;when they connect three or more items, they can be placed before any items except the first one.When connect words or phrases,with items which it connects,"erqie"can play as subject, predicate,attribute,complement or adverbial modifier;While "bingqie" can play as predicate,attribute,complement or adverbial modifier. "kuangqie" has no this function.When connect small sentences or sentences,"bingqie" can be placed between the subject and the predicate of the second sentence;"erqie"and "bingqie" have no this usage.The fourth part is the research on the three words from the pragmatics point of view.By our research,we find that the conditions of omission of "erqie" and "bingqie" are the same:1.when they connect two actions which happen one after another,can be omitted;2.when they are followed by the latter words such as "ye","hai",can be omitted.And the two share some common features in the conditions of necessary appearance:1. when they connect verbs or adverbs,can't be omitted;2.when the latter part is a limitation to the former one,they generally can't be omitted;3. when they come with the former words such as "budan","bujin",and there's no latter word such as "ye","hai" following,they generally can be omitted.And the two have one difference in the conditions of necessary appearance:when "bingqie" connects two verbs or verb phrases which have long spans,it generally can't be omitted,while "erqie" has no this rule."kuangqie" has many differences in conditions of omission and necessary appearance:when the former reason and the latter one explained by the addressor seems irrelevant in form or apparent meaning, it has to appear;when the former reason and the latter one have close relation,it can be omitted.Being conjunctions,all of "erqie","bingqie" and "kuangqie" have stressing functions and discourse marking functions."Erqie" and "bingqie" have the same stressing fuctions:both of them can stress that the latter part is joint,important,necessary or complemental;"kuangqie" can only stress that the latter part is joint or complemental.As for discourse marking functions,"erqie" has the functions of discourse carrying over,discourse continuing,discourse delaying and discourse coherence;"bingqie" has the functions of discourse carrying over,discourse continuing and discourse coherence,and it generally has no function of discourse delaying;while "kuangqie" has only the functions of discourse continuing and discourse coherence.The last part is conclusions.It concludes the main ideas and flaws of this paper,and raises issues requiring further research in the future.