Huang Musong's Envoy To Xinjiang And Tibet

The study focusing on the two activities which Nanjing Nationalist Government dispatched Huang Musong to Xinjing and Tibet, where the special culture, tradition, geography, religion, history and social lifestyle is distinguish from other regions. As inner frontier of China, Xinjiang and Tibet is a hot point in academic circles, many scholars view from different research vision and let a hundred flowers blossom, let a hundred schools contend. As a whole, from 1900s to 1950s, the researchers emphasized more on the problem of existence. In their works, they had put forward their own opinions to frontier's issues to some extent, besides politics, history, religion, current system and the key problem centered on diplomacy, which have strong sense of the times. After 1950s, especially 1980s, domestic study about the history of frontier has made big development. Some forbidden zone in academic research is being broken, academic vision is further broader, and researching achievements is deepening continuously. To history of Xinjiang and Tibet, which study relatively week, there are appear many experts and scholars, with archives'materials and historical documental data in the period of the Republic of China have arranged to publish and brand-new research achievements in abroad have being used. As for overseas, some famous scholars also have distinctive study. We should be noticed that the domestic and abroad study is either on Xinjiang, or on Tibet. When as borderland history to study, it hasn't deep and systematically elaborated to Huang Musong's mission, and a stroke with the description to Huang Musong. Up to now, the author hasn't saw the article about the activity which Huang Musong was in Xinjiang and Tibet, except Cui Wei, Liu Guowu and Zhang Hao's thesis which discussed Huang Musong in Tibet. Therefore, the dissertation attempts to stand out the function of Huang Musong and Nanjing Nationalist Government's minority policy which treat differently to frontier area under same guiding ideology.There are three chapters to express the opinion in this article.The first chapter mainly states the critical situation, which the national government at the beginning of establishment faced, and the development of Xinjiang and Tibet, such as politics, economy and social state, and the conflicts between Xinjiang, Tibet and the Central Government. Under the difficult circumstances, how to solve the emergency accidents and affirm the original principle is the remarkable feature of the policy in this stage. At the same time, the author tries to study Huang Musong who was a key military and political leader in Nationalist Government. The second chapter is about the activities which Huang Musong was in Xinjiang as envoy of Central Government in 1933. Because Xinjiang had"4·12"coup, Sheng Shicai became temporary supervisor. Kuomingtang government thought the coup as opportunity to seize power of Xinjiang, so they dispatched Huang Musong as special envoy who got Urumqi on June. Due to be underestimated about Xinjiang's complex situation and without military backing, Huang Musong was suffered house arrest under Sheng Shicai. Huang got released after he cabled the Central Government to appoint Sheng Shicai formally. The Nationalist Government's attempts failed completely.The third chapter introduces Huang Musong in Tibet. The 13th Dalai Lama passed away in Lhasa on December 17, 1933. According to convention, local government of Tibet cabled the Central Government, and requested governmental official to Tibet. Huang Musong was being appointed as special envoy to posthumously bestow the title of"Great Master of Patriotism, Magnanimoustiy, Benevolence and Sagacity"upon the late 13th Dalai Lama, and present a portrait of late master with a jade certificate of appointment and a jade seal of authority. Huang Musong and his party set out from Nanjing on April 26 and arrived in Lhasa on August 28 via Sichuan and Xikang. Huang was the first high official sent by the Central Government to Tibet since the founding of the Republic of China. Before and after all ritual ceremony, Huang Musong negotiated with Gaxag government on relations between the Central Government and the local government of Tibet under the interference of British. With the efforts of both sides, the Gaxag government of Tibet proclaimed that"Tibet is an inseparable part of Chinese territory". Although the gap could not be narrowed in such a short period of time, Huang Musong's mission helped to expand the influence of the Central Government, and established a Central Government office in Tibet which put an end to the history of no organ of the Central Government being present in Tibet since the Revolution of 1911.The author reviews gains and losses following the description of activities of Huang Musong in Xinjiang and Tibet, and sets forth the view of missions, appraises the missions objectively and justly, dialectically rather than pays more attention to the fixed factors. Attention is paid close to key issues. In fact, Huang Musong's actions pave the way for the Nationalist Government to do a better job of administering Xinjiang's and Tibetan affairs.In brief, the author analyzes Huang Musong from different facet and the minority policy of Nanjing Nationalist Government from the viewpoint of history to explain the value and negative aspects, and put forward own opinion that the policy in this period plays an important role in the history.