Liberty And Certainty's Paradox And Its Solution In The Philosophical Course Of Marx

Liberty has two kinds of meaning, the natural liberty of human and the subjective activity. The natural liberty of human belongs to noumenon and is beyond inspection, while he subjective activity is used in the perceptual world and the active reason of human to "change the world". Certainty also has two kinds of meaning, generalized one and narrow one. The former is all the things that can control man to some degree including sensitive things, theories which have existed and religions, etc. while the latter is the objective rule which is represented by developing rule of history. There is a paradox between liberty and certainty. The paradox of the natural liberty and generalized certainty is potential, which exists only in thinking. Hegel solved the problom through the movement of notions in thinking and he thought that liberty and certainty are one. It is in perpetual world that the paradox of subjective activity and objective rule exists and we are unable to avoid this paradox. On the base of Hegel and Feuerbach, Marx solves the problem by Practice.In "Discourse of Doctor", Marx establishes the natural liberty of human through the theory of atom declining. In "the Manuscript of Economic Philosophy in 1844", Marx experiencingly studies the essence of human and the achievement of liberty. Man proves his essence through laboring, but the result of laboring governs him. Catabolizing Labor is the necessary era in the process of achievement of free essence of human and this era is certain. Are the certainty is reality, while the activity of getting rid of catabolizing is also in reality. It is just nothing that Hegel abstractively solved the problem of liberty and certainty. "Nothing" is useful toward thinking or theory, but useless toward reality because he never thought how to "change the world" and he didn't understand "sensitive man's activity". Feuerbach gave up reasoning, but directly looked at the sensitivity. But this kind of directly looking wasn't to understand objective things in subjective dimension, and he only looked at the objective man as the abstractive single one, so his philosophy lost the subjective activity. In "the Skeleton of Feuerbach", by the view of Practice ,Marx overcomes the gap between mentalism which is represented by Hegel and materialism by Feuerbach, as well as the gap between knowable theory and agnosticism. Practice naturally contains subjective activity and objective rule; the two have their own position in it and they conflict as well as unify. Practice forms the "material" of the "New Materialism". It is in Practice that man proves his thinking's truth.The Historic View of Materialism and the Theory of Surplus Value ,which are objective rules of history, were the fruits of the study of Marx which was based on Practice. The objective rules of history restrict man and allow the subjective activity's existence at the same time. In the past, when we faced the two rules we paid more attention to material side while ignored the side of man's subjective activity and natural liberty. History is nothing but the result and process of human's activity. The purpose of human's action shows the subjective activity while the result of the action sets up restriction to the next one. Of course, this purpose roots in the real life such as the material laboring, because human could frame the task which is associated with the aim only after the material condition has already existed or at least is in the process of creating. Any theories that have existed( including the specific conclusion of the Historic View of Materialism) should be overcome in the continuing Practice. The Theory of Surplus Value itself was the result of unification of "abstractively thinking" and experiencingly study.Marx's Practice whose essence is to "change the world", is as the same as his Dialectic which is critical and revolutionary. Dialectic regards things in negative point of view and it naturally adores nothing. Marx's Dialectic that makes the contradiction between liberty and certainty developing drive and Marx's Practice that aims to change the perceptual world completely, are one. It is only in the process of specifically and perceptually "changing the world" that the paradox problem between liberty and certainty can abtain the real solution.