View Of National People: The Transition Of Modern Intellectual From View Of Subject To View Of Citizen

Citizen is the member of nation-state, and is a personalistic configuration of modern civilization. The view of citizen is a politic view growing from the developing of western modern civic society. There is no the notion of view of citizen in Chinese traditional law norm and politic conception, but the view of subject. After the course of selection, annotation and developing the useful and discarding the useless, Chinese modern intellectual changed the original meaning of citizen and endowed it with new meaning for saving the nation from subjugation and ensuring its survival. During the time, citizen was called national people, new people, people and so on. The intellectual in the end of the nineteenth century usually called it national people and the intellectual in the times of New Culture and New Culture Movement called it citizen directly, but virtually, the word of national people and citizen has a different meaning.The paper spans the time from Opium War to May Fourth and New Culture Movement, trying to discover the transformation of the view from subject to nation of modern intellectual, analyze the process of modern Chinese how to wake up and own the subject consciousness, and point out the effect of View of national people plays a very important role in the transition of modern intellectual from view of subject to view citizen.The paper researches backward the rise course of view of national people. The paper argues that Chinese was faced with troubles at home and aggression from abroad disorganizing the two thousand years'tradition of subject view. With the decline of traditional world view, the sovereignty consciousness occurred in the mind of modern intellectual, and become the solicitation of modern nation-state view. The reformism intellectual represented by Liang Qichao and the revolutionist headed by Sun Yat-sen has a different longing of constructing of nation-state, but they are both influenced by social Darwinism, figuring that save the nation need new national people, animadverting on the servility of nation fiercely, putting thoughts of right, duty, freedom, warrior, social morality, autonomy, state and so on into the connotation of national people, and throwing themselves into the enlightening or revolution practice for implementing the ideal nation-state thinking and national people view.Then, the paper discusses the characters and impact of national people view. The word of "national people" comes from Japan and be imprinted by modern school of Germany. The view of national people of Chinese modern intellectual involves Chinese traditional thought, modern western thought in different times and modern Japanese thought, focusing nationalism and inclining to moralism and elitism. The view of national people affects the late government of Qing dynasty greatly and boosts the enlightening of Chinese people's subject consciousness.Finally, the paper discusses the status of view of national people in ideological history of China. The constitutional government system reform of the Republic of China failed, urging the modern intellectual to reflect the view of national people, and realizing the reformists such as Liang Qichao in animadverting on national scoundrelism came down to the patriotism and nationalism only and could not penetrate the core of Confucian ethical view, i.e. "the three cardinal guides and the five constant virtues" and familism in tradition, which was just the radical reason why the national people view cannot change the mess of early Republic of China. The intellectual of school of New Culture begins to yearn towards citizen with the animadversion on view of national people and subject goes deeply. The status of view of national people in ideological history of modern China is established during the processing, i.e. it is the transition from view of subject to view of citizen.