A Study Of The Industry And Commerce Policies Of The Peking Government

Simply speaking, the industry and commerce policies of the Peking government refers to a series of systematic prescriptions, criteria, principles and requirements, which was adopted by the Peking government in the specific fields of economy like the forms of enterprise, industry, commerce, and mining, etc. It also includes the policies and measures, which the government took for planning and managing the industry and commerce nationwide. The Peking government refers to the regime reigned by warlords from Yuan Shikai and his successors with Peking as its capital from March 1912 to June 1928.During the period of"New Deal"in the late Qing dynasty, the government embraced the advanced experience from the Western, carried out drastic reforms in the industry and commerce polices, and thus injected incentives into the industry and commerce. The victory of Xinhai Revolution pushed the industry development forward. After the establishment of the Peking government, basing on the inheritance and development of"New Deal"in the end of Qing dynasty, the government stoutly implemented reforms and took a series of policies and measures, which were aiming at accelerating the development of industry and commerce. These policies and measures not only brought transformation in the industry and commerce policies and accelerated the development of economy, but also laid a solid foundation for the Nan king government in making policies of the industry and commerce, and they played a linking role in the process of modernization in the economic policies of Chinese modern times.The industry and commerce policies of the period of the Peking government concretely included industrial and commercial enterprise organization policies, industry policies, mining policies, commerce policies and other policies that accelerated the development of industry and commerce.For the managing form of industrial and commercial enterprises, the Peking government adopted the policy of"managing large enterprises while easing control over small ones". Concretely speaking, it contained two aspects. First, the government encouraged the capital-intensive trades such as industry, mining, traffic and finance to adopt the corporation system, made detailed specifications for the management of corporation, especially for the stock limited company, and made full use of the role the corporation system played in raising capital. Second, for the trades adopting the individual ownership system and partnership system, such as traditional commerce, handicraft industry, the government gave the free room for their development, and made the best of their agility in management and quick reactions to the changes of the market.For the development of industry, the Peking government mainly took the industrial enterprise interest-protecting policies and financed some relevant enterprises. At the same time, the government encouraged the technology innovation, put the new patent system into practice, realized the potential of social technology development to the great extent, and thus advanced the whole development of industrial science and technology. What's more, the government gave prominence to the pivotal industries, gave priority to the development of the industry of cotton and iron, and with the lead of these two industries brought along the development of other industriesFor the development of mining, the Peking government had comprehensive policies and rules. They involved the establishment of mining affairs administrative institute, mining investigation, enactment of mining regulations, utilization of foreign capital, mining registration, management of mine, collection of mining taxes and other special mining policies. These policies and measures played an important leading and regulating role in the mining prosperity during the period of the Peking government.The commerce policies of the Peking government included domestic commerce policies and foreign trade policies. In order to advance the commercial prosperity, the Peking government founded the commodity exhibition institute. At the same time, the government advocated domestic commodities actively, carried out the rules of brand registration. For foreign trade, on the one hand, the Peking government vigorously introduced foreign capital and overseas Ch. capital to set up enterprises; on the other hand, the government promoted actively the export of domestic commodities, competed in the international market, strove for the tariff independence rights, and protected the development of the national industry and commerce.In addition to above policies, in order to accelerate the development of industry and commerce, the Peking government also adopted other policies and measures, such as reducing and exempting the taxes of industry and commerce, accelerating the reorganization of chamber of commerce, and developing the industrial education energetically.The industry and commerce policies of the Peking government had great progressive significance. On the one hand, they not only impelled transformation in the industry and commerce policies and accelerated the continuing development of economy; on the other hand, they inherited the quintessence of"New Deal"in the late of Qing dynasty, and provided the Nan king government with valuable experience in making right policies of the industry and commerce. Certainly, the industry and commerce policies of the Peking government had evident shortcomings that manifested themselves in the imperfection in the system of policy, and the lack of finance and power impeded the implementation and fulfillment of polices.