Study Of The Modes Of Management In Enterprises Of The Late Qing Dynasty

Enterprises are an advanced production organization. which plays a significant role in the development of social economy. Enterprises of the late Qing dynasty came into existence under special historical conditions and their modes of management can be categorized into four types: run by the government. supervised by the government and charged by the merchant. run by both the official and the commercial circles and run by the merchant. These four modes of management guide the enterprises to the threshold of modernization and their emergence is historically inevitable and imbued with distinctive features. This paper takes the modes of enterprise management in the late Qing dynasty as its subject. It has a comparative study of the mode of management between late Qing enterprises and that of early modern enterprises in Japan and America and the different results acquired are further analyzed to account for its reasons of its occurrence. The emergence of enterprises in the late Qing period brings forth an advanced organization for the economical development of modern China and promotes the development of social economy. However. since the very day of its emergence. the enterprises manipulated by the government lose their original vitality. Admittedly. the government contributes to the rising of the enterprises and there would not be any enterprise in the late Qing period without the government's support. The evolution of the modes of management to comply with the general law of the operation of the capitalist economy is in accordance with the general condition of the history of enterprise development in capitalist countries represented by Japan and America. In the history of enterprise development in Japan. new-emerged enterprises were first run by the government or supervised by the government and charged by the merchant. Under the influence of the government departmentalism. the enterprises in the late Qing Dynasty were firmly controlled by the government and were not promptly transformed and ultimately influenced the realization of early modernization.