| Middle reaches of Heihe River located at west of Gansu Province, middle of Gansu Corridor, in east near Wuwei, Jinchang two cities, west continually Jiuquan area, including Shandan counties, Yongchang, Minle, Zhangye, Linze and Gaotai.As a result of the specific geographical position, the Qinghai-Tibet Plain and periphery high mountains' influence, formed the model continental dry climate, the precipitation has been small, but the transpiration rate was big, year precipitation of most districts is only then more than 100 millimeters, but the transpiration rate actually reached as high as more than 2000 millimeters. Depended on the glacier and snow of the Qilian mountainous area, this area supposed the county started in the Western Han Dynasty, namely built large-scale water conservancy projects, developed agriculture, thus developed the highly developed irrigation farming, and in the Tang Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty Kang-Yong-Qian time presented the prosperous time of the irrigation and water conservation enterprise development, had "golden Zhangye" the fine reputation, its developed agriculture can be inferred. This article selects the Ming and Qing Dynasties this important phase of exploitation, makes use of traditional historical geography literature research method, in the excavation histories in form of biographies, each kind of local chronicle, the travel notes material, and in on-the-spot investigation foundation, profits from the historical geography, the physiography existing research results, inspects in emphatically water conservation development, the irrigation system's change in middle reaches area of Heihe River in this period, and analysis the relationship between these and water resources short question. In the elaboration, has mainly carried on the careful inspection and the research to the below questions:Firstly, the construction of ditches and dams in Heihe middle reaches area in this period. Overall speaking, regions of agriculture development in this area gradually expanded, the irrigation and water conservation developed gradually correspondingly, the usage of water resources enlarges unceasingly, in addition, rainstorm and flood disasters happened frequently in summmer, rivers' hydrology characteristic, war, the changed,from so-called "28 ditches" in the Ming Dynasty to "52 ditches" in the Qing Dynasty, these merely were ditch and dams in Heihe main current, but there were hundreds of ditches and dams on tributaries, therefore it is necessary to carry on a careful combing on changement of digs ditches and dams in this area.Secondly, from Qing Dynasty, because population of this area grew dramatically, the irrigated area increases unceasingly, shortage of water resources and contradictory of water usage worsened day by day, struggles on water occurred repeatedly.In the spring "stranglehold dry period", the condition was much more worse, and the local government authorities have formulated set of water useage, the water diversion system, and revised unceasingly consummates to solve the shortage of water resources. In Yong Zheng four years (in 1726), Shanxi and Gansu Governor Niangengyao formulated the system of banlance on Heihe water, although there had the regulation of water usage before, but because the system was incomplete, in addition, contradictory of water usage is already irreconcilable, therefore the effect was not good, Niangengyao worked out "the system of banlance on Heihe water", and the affiliation formidable military force implementation, had received certain effect. Moreover, carrying on the thorough analysis regarding the regulation of water usage in the Ming and Qing dynasty will have significance regarding today's water rights system.Thirdly, in view of the phenomenons that the tense of water resources worsened day by day and the ditches were often washed away, the partial officials and people already realized the importance of protection on local natural environment, and had taken some measures, but the agricultural development's intensity had surpassed the capacity of environment supporting greatly, the stability of rivers water volume worses suddenly, the ditch dam faced the danger that were washed away frequently, this did great to irrigation, in the latter time of Qing dynasty, the political situation was specially chaotic, the government did not govern strengthly, under the population huge pressure, such situation was increasingly fierce, it was difficult to solve the problem..In Heihe middle reaches area, constructing the ditch dam originally is the measure for people to solve the problem of water resources shortage and unstable of the rivers water volume, and thus develop agriculture, but the excessive development, to the forest, the land intemperate development actually caused the water volume of the rivers particularly not to be unstabler, the rainstorm flood disaster happened frequently, shortage water resources got worsen, this in turn has posed the threat to the ditch dam's security, once the irrigation facility were destructed, the consummation irrigation system did not exist, the environment also worsened, the such lesson worths remembering forever. The conservancy development and the improvement of environment quality have relationships which are promotes mutually, highly effective, the perfect irrigation system can maintain the good environment quality; simultaneously the good environment quality has provided the essential condition for the development irrigation. Considers how to develop the irrigation in a place where rivers closure, the sandstorm gradually get up?This article originality:(1)selects a complete basin, not a landform unit as object, and then launches the research to its middle reaches area, avoids the study model which from the macroscopic policy and measure lead by the feudal Central authorities, but from contrasting the changement of ditches and the irrigated areas in Heihe middle reaches in Ming and Qing Dynasties this microscopic question to cut into; (2),regardless of construction of ditches or to the analysis of water usage system, from analyzing its close relationships with the natural environment, the grass lacustrine environment's elaboration is a prominent innovation spot; (3)unifies to combing of local chronicles in Ming and Qing Dynasties with the Qing Dynasty memorial to the emperor's screening and carries on the comparison, has enriched the data source. |
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