| Straw is the main by-product of the crops. It is also an important biological resource. At present, the annual output of the straws of all kinds of crops in our whole country is 6 or 7 hundred million tons. There are only a quarter of them given back to the field. And some surplus straws are piled beside the fields or near the roads or burnt on the spot. It not only wastes the resources, but also pollutes the environment.Most of the countries that are developed in the world pay more attention to the combination between use and enrichment of the soil and the development of eco-agriculture. It is very common giving the straws back to the field in America. Not only corns and wheat, but the straws like beans, tomatoes are given back to the field as possible. According to the statistics of American Agriculture Ministry, the annual output of the crops straws in America is 4.5 hundred million tons. Its amount of giving back to the field is 68% of the output. This plays a very important role in keeping the American soil and its fertilities. The amount of giving back to the field of straw in UK is 73% of the output. At present, some researches and uses on giving straws back to the field in some countries abroad have kept ahead.For a long time, people have planted the crops with high yield continually in the black soil of northeastern plain. They pay more attention to inorganic agriculture than organic agriculture. They pay more attention to using soil than enrich it. This makes the soil fertilities and the contents of organic materials reduce rapidly. And it pricks up the soil erosion and increases the disasters of drought and excessive rain and sandstorm. It also makes the infield and grassland degenerate and worsens the condition of agricultural production. The main shortcomings of present renovating soil method are superabundant operation links and high cost. Most of the stubbles aren't in line or in line, but not in ridges and in the seasons of spring and autumn, it needs to renovate soil many times to reach the state of sowing. And it makes soil moisture flow heavily and worsens drought. In recent years, drought has been the biggest natural disaster in the areas depending on rain.The corn straws giving back to the fields can reduce water erosion and wind erosion of infield. On the sloping infields, we adopt the protective farming by the technique of giving the straws back to the fields. It also has the role of reducing the content of river sands and promoting the harness to the drainage areas and improving eco-environment. Years of straws pile up on the surface of the earth and form fertile rotten layer that improves the soil structure. The main representations are the increase of soil hair hole and the amount of soil assembling system, the improvement of using rate to natural rain, the increase of anti-drought ability and the strengthening of the ability of storing soil water and keeping soil moisture.The article studies giving straws back to the fields and the changing principles of soil fertility under the condition of different organic materials, giving corn straws back to the field method in northeast producing area, mechanized and all-round deepening and loosening, ribbon like deepening and loosening, renovating soil method by deepening soil and the improvement to the effect of soil physical characters by different combining ways. So it forms the synthetic technique of giving straws back to the field and optimizing soil environmental control. It is a kind of protective farming way of improving working efficiency, reducing producing cost and improving profit in drought areas by integrating high yield planting, soilprotection and mechanization of farming and agriculture. It has a prospective future developing continuous high yield agriculture in the corn producing area of northeast.The achievement of the article:First, through the contrast experiment between small area and big area and demonstration, we study the different ways of giving straws back to the field on the basis of the new farming technique of corn size row. We put forward to the way of giving corn straws back to the field preliminarily to adapt to the new farming technique by analyzing the effect of the different ways of giving straws back to the field to soil physical character, planting effect, the growing of individual plant and its output.Second, it is both economic and saving work giving tall stubbles back to the field. At the same time, it plays the role of fertilize the soil. The organic materials giving tall straws back to the field for 8 years are 6.73g/kg higher than present farming way.Third, giving tall straws back to the field, it is good for reducing work amount, keeping water and soil, increasing water permeability and the content of soil water, increasing the content of organic materials and nutrient in soil layer. But at the same time, it increases plant diseases and insect pest and lowering the soil temperature.Fourth, besides increasing output and fertilizing soil by the new farming way, it can reduce producing cost. It can make the producing cost reduce 200-300 yuan cheaper than the more common planting. It can reduce the producing cost to over 10%.The main advantages of the technology are as following:Deepening and loosing widely during the period of fertilizing in wide rows: Deepening and loosing at the moment can break through the bottom layer, deepen the farming layer, improve the physical characters of the farming layer, reduce pathway flow, accept and reserve more rain to form a reservoir in the farming layer. It can live up to taking use of the precipitation in hot seasons in spring and autumn and improve the using efficiency of natural precipitation.Giving the left high stubbles naturally decayed back to the field: it can play the role of increasing organic materials to the soil, fertilizing the soil power and reducing wind erosion giving the left high stubbles naturally decayed back to the field.Revolving farming and renovating soil in wide rows in autumn: on the basis of deepening and loosing in fertilizing period, it can reach the standard of sowing to revolve one time in wide row after harvest and it is useful to preserve soil moisture and young plants to sow directly without renovating soil in the next spring.Precise sowing in narrow rows: it refers to the precise sowing on last wide rows on the basis of precise renovating soil in autumn.Giving back to the field by turns: it refers to giving straws back to the field by turns in wide and narrow rows formed after the young plants strips transmigrated every other year. It can restore soil power and insure that young plant strips are in good soil environment. It can take good use of the moisture provided by the soil reservoir established by deepening and loosing to ensure the growing during young plant period and to solve the contradiction between supply and need of water in spring.The agricultural mechanized tools matched with the technology of giving straws back to the field are fit for the development of the drought agriculture in northeast and can meet theagricultural requirement of fertilizing soil and saving water in drought areas completely. Seeding-machines realize to deepen the narrow ditches and cover the soil shallowly. Combining with heavy suppression, the rate of preserving young plants can reach over 95% and 15% higher than the common product field so as to reach the point that the young plants are even, complete and strong.The technical study has formed a system preliminarily and been matched with the agricultural mechanized equipment.The mechanized farming technology of giving straws back to the field creates the farming layer structure which gives consideration to the degiee of tightness and coexisting between false and true. It has good effects in coordinating soil water, fertilizer, gas and hotness in farming layers: breaking through the bottom layer and not turn over or destroy the construction of the farming layer; saving water and preserving soil moisture; precise planting, saving work and time; giving left high stubbles back to the field, strengthening soil power; changing the young plants strips, resting every other year and combining using with enriching; having changed planting way and improved farmland environment, strengthened air and light permeability in the evening of corn growing and brought into play line advantages; convenient for the management of midterm and final term and provides convenient conditions for adopting all kinds of controlling technical methods in mid or final term. From 2000 to 2004, we planted 3000 acres in all by the new farming way in Xiangshan village, Fanjiatun and Dafangshen village, Chaoyangpo, Gongzhuling. In 2001, we have 5 demonstrating products. The output increases 17.5% for the same kind and 13% for the different in average. In 2002, we have 8 demonstrating products. The output increases 20.4% for the same kind and 13.8% for the different in average. In 2003, we have 4 demonstrating products. The output increases 12.9% for the same kind and 12.7% for the different in average. In 2004, we have 7 demonstrating products. The output has no difference for the same kind and increases 10.9% for the different in average. |
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