| Although the Modern Chinese Customs was affiliated with Qing Dynasty , it was a special organization controlled by foreigners . Compared with the Traditional Chinese Customs , the New Customs had a lot of distinctive characteristics , one of which was that the occurrence of corruption had been reduced to a minimum . Nowadays , there is a severe lack of comparative research on administrative system of Chinese Customs in Qing Dynasty . This study represents an attempt to analyze the inevitability and rationality of the New Customs taking the place of the Traditional One . Besides , we can draw lessons from it, which is instructive to build an efficient and honest Modern Customs or other administrative units .According to the development of Chinese Customs in Qing Dynasty , I divide this thesis into three parts . Part one is the introduction of Yue Customs during 1757 to 1842 . First , I discuss the establishment of Yue Customs , including its history and geographical structure , the supervisor and his subordinates . Second , the personnel system of Yue Customs is discussed , which includes the salary system , the honest and clean system , the employable system . Third , I interpret the administrative system of Yue Customs , consisting of levying system , supervisory system , punishing system and prohibition . Forth , I discuss the levies of tariff of Yue Customs , including the duties for ships , goods and extras .Although these laws and regulations were drawn up By the government, they were not followed seriously . In fact , there were weakness existed in the systems themselves , especially in the supervisory system , which made the clerks abuse their power and grab their selfish interests . It is not difficult to find that this administrative system had already been out of date and blocked the normal development of the legal trade .On the second part , I discuss the mixed Chinese and Western administrative system of Customs during 1842 to 1859 , including its emergence , development and function . First , I elaborate the evolution of the transitional period of Chinese Customs , consisting of the change of Chinese and Western organizational structure . Second , I discuss the personnel system of Customs during 1842 to 1859 . Third , I discuss the levies of tariff in this period .Although the mixed system emerged by chance , it changed the disorder of Yue Customs , raised the efficiency of Customs , and increasedthe tariff of Chinese government. In fact, the system was not perfect, but it was the only way to solve the problem of corruption at that time . It is proved that this mixed system reflects the unity of willing of the Western Countries and Qing Dynasty and accords with the trend of history .On the third part , I discuss the efficiency and honest of the New Customs during 1859 to 1911 . First, I discuss the evolution and function of Inspector system , which includes Inspector General and his subordinators , the system of accounting , the system of statistics and the system of investigation . Second , I discuss the personnel system of the New Customs , including the employ-inspect system , high-salary system . Third , I discuss the levies of tariff of the New Customs .In my opinion , there is a close relation between the sound administrative system and low corruption . Sir Hart made the clerks avoid worrying about their life by the implement of the high-salary system so that they abandoned the ideals of corruption , and regarded the jobs in Customs as the lifelong occupation . More importantly , he united the system of administration and introduced the advanced system of accounting , the system of statistics , the system of investigation , the system of check . Once the clerks were found dishonest, he would be dismissed immediately . The cost of corruption was greater than what he had gained . Therefore , the clerks would rather spend their whole life comfortably than take a risk of losing all in search of extra-money .By comparing the New Customs with the Traditional Chinese Customs ,... |
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