The End Of The Qing Dynasty Chihli Water, Water Governance Dynasty

When the "Gengzi incident" took placed, the North China met with flames of war repeatedly. Zhili area stood in the breath especially. The Qing Dynasty determined to enact "New policy" to resume and maintain its governance. Zhili responded actively. It trained troops and established police, rectified administration of local officials, vitaled industry and implemented local autonomy etc and these causes were quite successful. Zhili became a model to carry out "New policy" for other provinces. Being an important cause, the traditional water conservancy and water policy was resumed and innovated to a certain extent, too. Certainly, because of era restriction, it is difficult that the basic changes realized on the whole. This thesis tries elaborating it from following parts:First, the summary of natural environment in Zhili. This part briefly introduces topography, climate, rivers and so on in Zhili. The natural condition are closely related to the floods in an area that is premise and foundation for building water conservancy projects too. For then people, fully understanding the characteristic of natural conditions, could make them shoot the arrow at the target and work out measures with clear implications. It is a mirror for the contemporary people examine effectiveness of their relevant measures.Second, river affairs and river policies in Zhili. This part expounds how people at that time controlled the important rivers of Zhili. There were mainly five great rivers in history in Zhili: Yongding River, North Canal, South Canal, Ziya River and Daqing River. After the Yellow River changed its course in late Qing, its some sections flew through Zhili too. The administration conditions of Yongding River, North Canal, Haihe River and Yellow River are descried especially in Zhili. This generally belonged to the bigger projects operated by official bodies. As to some medium and small-scale irrigation works and facility, including dredge, build, clearance of the water course of dyke, tributary of river respect, the ones that non-governmental official's advocation and the non-governmental donation and management were adopted.Third, construction of water conservancy works in Zhili. Water conservancy is the lifeblood of the agriculture, "the rise and decline of the rivers is related to advantages and disadvantages of the people's livelihood". The construction of water conservancy works in this period in Zhili also developed to some extent. The result is remarkable that utilize many ways to expand the cultivated area; utilizing the natural river to irrigate the fields, developing the canal irrigation, making the floodgate dam open and close severely by the rules, mediating in a dispute on water conservancy; in the high terrain ,digging more wells and develop the well irrigation.Fourth, development of the water conservancy and water policy in Zhili. "There being trend in old things" is the important characteristic of the water conservancy and water policy in this period in Zhili. The building of the parliament on river and the water conservancy of research institute were the important achievements. In addition, the reformation of water conservancy tools was very effective. The machinery was used in river conservancy and the project's quality and efficiency were improved; some local officers paid closely attention to improving water conservancy tools, some groups which were established such as peasant association and industry and...