The Late Qing Political Situation And Social Appellation Study

Late Qing Dynasty is a chaotic period, in which the former great empire degenerated into an incompetent weak country that kept at western predators' disposal. It was the western invasion that intensely attacked Chinese traditional feudal economy, politics and culture. Under stress, the then government committed to the reform of modernization, premised on little threat against imperial power, so as to protect its rule, and before the reform, some enlightened feudal bureaucrats had innovated new technologies under the direction of the thought of 'Chinese body and western function' and 'learning the superior techniques of barbarians to control barbarians', by means of creating some military or civil enterprises. Meanwhile, some intellectuals holding capitalist thought appealed for political reform as well as technological innovation. They urged the reform to strengthen China upon Emperor Guangxu, a young ruler who had just taken charge, only to face defeat in the battle against powerful feudal conservatives for their political proposition, whose practice lasted for only about 100 days. Other intellectuals of the lower class and peasants groped their distinctive ways. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, say, led by Hong Xiuquan, and Yihetuan, a spontaneous organization formed by peasants in the provinces of Shandong, Chili, etc. are peasants' ways to strengthen China, but the intrinsic limitations of peasants had determined the fated failure of them both. Thus capitalist intellectuals represented by Sun Yat-sen fell back on revolution and overthrew the Qing Dynasty eventually. The campaigns or revolutions mentioned above exerted a strong, profound influence on social life at that time, reflected in every aspect of social life and culture.Social Address falls under the category of sociolinguistics, and it mainly defines the classes social organizations or individuals belong to, the roles they plays and the function they performs. The research into Social Address can reveal the views and life of various classes in contemporary society to us. Otherwise, Social Address changes according to social changes, so the probe into changes in Social Address can give us the full knowledge of economic or political reformation of the whole society. In the late Qing Dynasty, on account of drastic social changes, diverse political reforms came up, which gave rise to changes in Social Address, hence many new titles with...