Shandong Unearthed On The Eastern Zhou Dynasty Bronze Ritual Vessels

Eastern Zhou Dynasty time was the Axial Age of the world civilization.Shandong province at Eastern Zhou Dynasty time is one of the most complex areas on culture, in our country, simultaneously is also the place where the Confucianist culture was born from. The research concerned with Confucianist culture is very important.Since the founding of the state, The bronze vesseles unearthed in Shandong province has surpassed 1000, nearly included each kind of vesseles in the area of Centery-Plain(中原).How to use these bronzewares and the correlation data, to establish the basic age frame, in Shandong in Eastern Zhou Dynasty,and found its evolution rule and its provincial characteristics, then carries on the study about the races and nationality and the funeral system as well as the Eastern Zhou Dynasty bronze culture connotation and deep level research ,and so on ,already become an important research topic in Shandong as well as Chinese archaeology at Eastern Zhou Dynasty. This article mainly is composed of eight parts.On the foundation of analyzesing to utensil's construction,evolution, matching, pattern, provincial characteristics,we give more care about the cultural element in copperware grave', including races, nationalities as well as the Ding-gui system ,the musical instrument system, the rule on utensil places in the grave tripod and so on.The first part, is introduction. We give an brief introduction about research significance of the paper, the brief research history, the present situation about the research, the goal of our research, the method as well as the difference with the predecessor in this research .The second part is composed of three small parts. First, we divided the Eastern Zhou Dynasty time's Shandong area into four culture areas, and carry on the discussion to various areas' boundary vicissitude. Second, we make the limits to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty time's age scope. Third,we determined the main copper grave's age once more in Shandong area. This part is the premise that we conducts the research.The third part is the analysis on typology. We select 11 kinds of utensils which had relatively complete evolution sequence from 867 utensils to carry on the typology analysis, and has carried on the detail statistics to each pattern's utensil in each area. This part and the combination analysis and the patterns constituted our research work's foundation together.The fourth part, by stages with evolution. on the foundation of typology analysis, we divide Eastern Zhou Dynasty copperwares into six issues.we has carried on the summary and analysis to each kind of utensil's construction evolution, and establishes each kind of utensil's development sequence. And has carried on the microscopic analysis to each area each kind of utensil's each pattern, and then discussed the source and course relations of each kind of cultural element briefly. The fifth part is combination analysis. We take the fractimal analysis to various times' utensil combination, and has carried on the comparison with the utensil combinations of Zhong-yuan area. Also deferring to the district, has carried on the microscopic analysis to various areas' combination.The sixth part, decorative design in a utensil analysis. This part six issue of bronzeware decorative designs in a utensil according to the district way, has carried on to each bronzeware unearthed unit's decorative design in a utensil situation the detailed statistics. Has carried on the analysis to each issue of each area's decorative design in a utensil characteristic, brief its summary time and provincial characteristics. And discussed has urged the decorative design in a utensil to alternate, the evolution social agent.The seventh part is discussion about what the copperware grave's race and nationality is. Which s one of the keys of this article. Which is the work that the predecessors has not done. We have carried on the overall analysis to each factor in grave, through comparison with the race and nationality known grave 's cultural element, we juged the copperware grave's race and nationality we has obtained certain results.The eighth part is about the system of utensil in the grave. Which is the core of this article. This work is also one that predecessors nearly has never carried on. Shandong area's tripod with the Ding-gui system had't carried out thoroughly, and disintegrated also earlier than orther areas. In the grave the rule about the place of utensil had already been formed at least in the Neolithic Age. In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty time ,it also still existed, but compared with before as well as tripod with Ding-gui system and the musical instrument system, its standardized degree was inferior, the reason about which is worth discussing. Through the systematic analysis, we discovered that the Spring and Autumn Period intermediate stage is the time when Eastern Zhou Dynasty utensil type alternating, the construction, combination, decorative design in a utensil and the provincial characteristics appearance and so on, make the most sweeping change time. Shandong Eastern Zhou Dynasty bronzeware possibly has the tendency with flat base ,which forms the sharp contrast with the tendency of "circle foot" in Zhong-yuan area. At the same time, many utensils of Dong-yi culture had spreaded to Zhong-yuan area, which formed the certain scale of "esternization" which explained that at the Eastern Zhou Dynasty time Dong-yi culture and the Zhong-yuan culture's exchange is bidirectional, Zhongyuan culture also has the certain extent of Dong-yi(东夷). Dong-yi culture transportting the nutritions to the formation of Chinese civilization was continuously.