Tseng Chi-tse Opening Awareness And Diplomatic Practice,

In the modern China full of extremely serious national crisises, the advanced Chinese had the courage to face the reality directly. They complied with the historical trend, opposing closed ?door policy, advocating opening to the world. They had the modern consciousness of opening, Zeng Ji ?ze was one of them. As an ambassador abroad, he spent a long period overseas. He was responsible for making official contact with foreigners. Because he could master international knowledge in practice, he obtained remarkably diplomatic achivement. The thesis is divided into three parts to discuss Zeng Ii?ze?s consciousness of opening and diplomatic activities. The first part inquires into the causes that led to Zeng Ji ?ze?s consciousness of opening. First, it explores the impact of the time. Second, it expounds how his father Zeng Guo ?fan influenced him on the attitude of the scholary research and pragmatic ideology. Third, it investigates how his friends affected him. The second part expounds the exact manifestation of his consciousness of opening. It mainly discusses his ideology closely connected with the modern diplomatic undertaking. First, it states his knowledge on closed ?door policy of Qing dynasty and puts forward that he could watch the problem of his nation?s living in the perspective of international situation. Second, it states his opinions on western diplomatic etiquette and puts forward that he had found the substance of the argument about the etiquette of China and the West, that is to say, Chinese people always had the views that China is superior to other countries and didn抰 adopt equal attitude towards western people. Therefore, he called for the ?-? Chinese to abandon old traditional ideas that the difference between China and the foreign countries and to participate in international community as early as possible. Third, it states his thought on commerce between China and the West, and advances that he attached importance to the affection of trade contact to make the country strong and people rich, especially, he had the preliminary thought of commercial competition against the West, which complied with trend of global economic integration. At last, it expounds his knowledge on international law. It points out that China?s negotiations with foreign countries should base on international laws and he had the thoughts to abrogate all unequal treaties. At the same time it points out he had recognized the limited effect of the western international laws. The third part states his three important diplomatic activities during his life, Sino ?Russia negotiation on Iii, Sino ?France negotiation on Vietnam, Sino ? Braitian negotiation on adding tax and remitting Likin of opium. Seeing that his diplomatic activites have been studied carefully and deeply by historians, the importance of the part is not to state the exact progress of his diplomatic activities, but to state the exact use of his international knowledge in his consciousness of opening, for example, the use of the western international laws, the use of the strategy of playing barbarians off against each other, attempting to seek the true factors that led to his diplomatic achivements. At the same time the part probes into some defeating factors of his diplomatic negotiation, for example, the failure of the negotiation between China and France about Vietnam. In modern China, Zeng Ji ?ze?s consciousnes...