Initial Distribution Model Of Emission

Emissions trading, as an economic system arrangement based on the market, the economic incentive to enterprises is returns by means of money, which derives of purchasing the additional quotas of emission due to emission surplus as a result of excessive emission reduction.The essence is compensation for environmental protection behaviors of enterprises from the market.On the other hand,the buyers have to pay due to new required emission, the cost of their spending is essentially the cost of environmental pollution.The significance of emission trading is that it can make the enterprise for its own interests improve enthusiasm of performance,and thus make the goal of controlling the amount of pollution to be really implemented.So, limiting pollution will be transformed from the compulsory behaviours under government's forcing to conscious market behaviours of enterprise.Consequently,the trade,which used to be the administrative transctions between the government and the enterprise,will become a sort of market economic transactions.In other words, the system of emission trade can be regarded as an effective means to control pollution. Emission trading system in the world today is emerging and relatively effective environmental management measures.The implementations in the whole worle similarly went through the different cultural background and the same system problems.The primary problem of promoting the emission policy reasonably and effectively,in order to achieve the overall goal of controlling the entire amount,is initial distribution of emission quotas.To solve the environmental pollution in the ecological problems in contemporary society is a major problem for emission initial configuration all aspects related to the macro and micro, and its effect factors many interests, relationship, very complex nested structure, not a single discipline problems to be solved. Previous research tends to be concentrated in a subject area of macroscopic, certainly will hard to grasp the overall trend considering the system change that are involved in the various related factors, it emphasizes scientific background details across thinking is the research to the next phase of the important breakthrough point, people need to continue to break the traditional subject line, using the theory and method of the DuoZhong disciplines, from all kinds of different sides to study of sewage's discharge right initial configuration, comprehensive and orderly explore the current status in China to the policy measures. Therefore this paper will both at home and abroad and emission trading initial distribution theory and relevant empirical research based on economics, under the support of the theory of \"economic man\" hypothesis, focusing on the system of emission trade principal transactions (government, enterprise and society) launch system analysis, and trying to build three common initial distribution model of optimal control model, to concrete examination system of emission trade in the different parties based on the reflection of leading of interests, and then found in a single trend is the condition of sewage's discharge right the optimal initial configuration mode. This paper, based on the assumption that agent is divided into four parts. The first part is the introduction, this account of the guiding ideology, the purpose and significance of the subject and the background, and summarizes the domestic and foreign about initial allocation of emission problems existing literature at home and abroad, the effects of the sewage's discharge right the operation status of initial allocation. The second part to cost and benefit analysis based on the existing three main emission initial distribution methods are reviewed, and a discussion of the stakeholders in the deal in all kinds of distribution under the way of cost and benefit and a conclusion that their relative preferences and disadvantages behavior. Thethree major industries and the specific circumstances of the tertiary industry; analyzes problems of the dual economic structure, the comparative labor productivity, the third part is the key and difficult part of this paper, given the pollution gross under the premise of upper limit, from both the optimal allocation of economic fairness and start all over, and considering the economic, environmental and social development, and other comprehensive factors initial emission distribution of constructing three models, provide different initial distribution under the way of optimal model solution, and can according to the government's preference for social utility and fair tradeoff. The final part of the research for the foothold, based on the study of three kinds of sewage's discharge right, initial allocation in the way the government, enterprises and social preferences carries on the comparison, trying to build a can avoid the malpractice of their initial allocation mixed way.Recent investigations suggested that different method of initial distribution has its own advantages and disadvantages through the comparative analysis,. Under the free distribution mode, the enterprise get emission from the government do not have to pay any cost, that means there does not exist pollution cost burden of enterprise, it is a net income, and therefore a dispute about fair emerges.Furthermore,after emission distribution,the completion of new polluters to enter the circle has the certain time that hinder the development of regional economy.The most important is the process of free distribution in the initial distribution lack of the existence of making prices for emission,so in the secondary market of pollution-discharge right trade will lack of corresponding price standards. Auction model,although,can optimize the value of emission as scarce resources,through the bidding amongst the pollution manufacturers.but economic strength play a dominant role during this process.Therefore,there is great possibility that large enterprises control the market prices rely on their monoplistic status and competitive superiority, and hinder the development of small businesses.In extreme cases,this circumstance could mean the davastation of the whole area of economic progress.The main problem of fixed price allotment way is that the government, as manager of environment, need to put in large amount of cost, at the same time,need certain technology and mature market economy as a foundation, this is difficult in current China.In addition,government pricing cannot fully reflect the relationship of market supply and demand.On the premise that government departments are profit-oriented organization,there is also the possibility that government departments tend to rig prices.all of questions mean the negative influence to the second market.In light of the discussions above, a relatively effective mixed distribution models showed reasonable advantages theoretically and practically. This paper emphasizes the intrinsic nature of each participants during the process of pollution-discharge right trade.No matter the government, business or the public generate the different reflects to the same policy.As a consequence,the impact of this kind of subjective behaviors is great.So,by comparing the cost-profit system of different participants,establishing a relatively moderate trade mechanism,which can meet different needs is feasible in theory.