The Ganden Phodrang Regime During The The Tibetan Economic History Research

Tibetan is an ancient nation, which lives and multiplies in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for generations. In the17th century, Gandan Pochang government, a new Tibetan regime, rose in this ancient land. This period is important in Tibetan history, which is because the dominated status of Gelug, sector of Tibetan Buddhism, established, temple economy came into being, and the impressive theocracy system in Tibetan history established in this age.In the social formation of the feudal serfdom, lord manor system economy and temple economy existed together for a long time. However, being restricted by the historical condition, lord manor system economy had occupied the dominated position of social economic forms since Sakya was in charge of Tibetan political and religious affairs from Yuan dynasty unified Tibet in the12th century. Though temple economy existed, religion was mainly attached to big feudal lords in political and economic, and temple economy was also attached to lord manor system economy in the economic relation because of strong secular forces. Since the foundation of Gandan Pochang regime in1642, religious forces occupied the leading status of the society, and Mongolian Khan and the fifth Dalai Lama became the ruling class who managed the political and religious affairs together. Religious power became the ruler of the society and temple economy occupied the leading status of social economic forms with secular lords'manor system economy being vassal.In1751, the government of Qing dynasty officially conferred the seventh Dalai Lama for the leader of Tibetan political and religious affairs, which made the theocracy system established. The temple economy with political protection became strong and prosperous promptly. Because of the theocracy system with the support of strong temple economy, the political base was more and more steady. With constant development of the temple economy, the form of ownership which the three large lords including the government, the aristocracy and the temple possess means of production was established. Among them, the temple had largest territory and most slaves. The three large lords and their agents with5%of the population controlled all means of production and95%of the labor force.The three large lords concocted various pretexts, apportioned work arbitrarily and exploited slaves beyond the economic strength, which increased the burden of taxation and blew the enthusiasm of slaves to make them live hard.In other word, it is the true cause that the social economy led by temple economy developed and became stronger constantly to make the great mass of people live in poverty.The outbreak of the Opium War in1840struck the Qing dynasty strongly and threatened its ruling status so that the government was too busy to administrate Tibet thousands miles away.England and Russia had been spying on Tibet for a long time. In1904, the British troops invaded Lhasa and signed unequal treaties that the Qing dynasty must open ports of Yatung and Gyangz, and reduce and exempt tariffs.Since then, the capitalist commerce invaded Tibet striking local business. The circulation of rupee, the British India printing money, made a great deal of wealth into India. The dumping of the British Indian products in Tibet crowded out the market space of local goods, which restricted local economic development.After Qing dynasty perished, under the rule of the central government of the Republic of China, the economic in Tibet developed at some extent, because of the strong support of financial, material and human resources in finance, transportation, post and telecommunications, utilities and other departmentsHowever, the ruling class in Tibet was short-sighted and conservative. Though the reformists tried to change the situation, the reform was nipped in the bud because of strong conservative power. Decayed temple economy began to deeline.In1959, the Communist Party of China implemented the democratic reform in Tibet, established the public ownership economy, and completely ended the theocracy system ruling Tibet for hundreds of years. The temple economy gradually declined.