| Zhang Chao(1650——?),who was born in the Province of AnHui,was a famous litterateur and publisher in early Qing dynasty.His father was Zhang Xikong..Zhang Chao’s older brother was Zhang Shilin who was dead early,the two younger brother was Zhang Jian and Zhang Chun.Zhang Chao had been devoting himself to the Imperial Examination,however,he failed.Until he was26years old,he resolutely give it up and become a publisher.His rich family provided the economic base for his publishing career and the success of his publishing also made the range of his friends much wider.However,in the year of Yi Mao,his family property nearly became zero,only the farmland and house was left,and it made his life become harder and harder.His writings are so plentiful that it includs no less than20books,for example,the Corpus of Liaofu,the series books of Tan Ji,the series books of Zhao Dai,the essay You Meng Ying and the collection of short stories Yu Chu Xin Zhi. The forms of those literature are also very colorful.the book, the Corpus of Liaofu,had already had22types.Also,there is the collection of poems of Xinzhai.And the drama, Bi Ge,the collection of Ci for fowers and shadow. Zhang Chao’s idea about the society,one’s life,one himself,the liberature and even the natural science and technology from the western countries is all shared in his writings. Because of the Ming dynasty’s extinction,the intellectual of that times began to rethink and critisize the mind of Wang Yangming,which in some extent lead to the destroy of Ming dynasty.So,from the beginning of Qing dynasty,the scholar, said all we do must be benefit to the society and we shoud be back to the system of Confusianism.Regard as a intllectual,Zhang chao’s idea about society,the history and the culture was first in keeping with the system of Confusianism.He had his responsibility about the society and the culture,as a result, in the books,for example,the series books of Tan Ji and the series books of Zhao Dai,there are so many articles to give some adivse to hope the coutry may become better.Besides,in his view, all the things in the world has its mind and the life should be romantic,natural and full of poet which we can see little in the essay You Meng Ying.The intellectual in Chinese history had been always put Confusianism in the first place,however,in the end times of a dynasty or when those intellectual was failed in the Imperial Examination,the Buddhism and Daoism just right to make one’s feeling more harmonious.Though he was a Confucian,in his heart,he wanna be a Hermit,and though he accepted the idea of Buddhism and Daoism,the system of Confucianism should be always the first place.As all the above,that is the characteristic of the Shanren.The present thesis is in base on Zhang Chao’s books that I can find and collect.And also the situation of the society and the style of study in the times from the enZd of Ming dynasty to the beginning of the Qing dynasty has already been taken into account.As taking those two sides into thinking,there get a analysis and investigation about Zhang Chao’s ideas.The second chapter focus on the idess and system of Confusianism,and get a investigation on his attitude about the society,the history and the culture’s heritage.The third chapter is focused on the Buddhism and Daoism in his mind,or we can say,his "ling xing",his romantic and ideal world.In terms of his writings,Pilological methods is used to make a more perfect collection or place a more resonable order for Zhang Chao’s books.And at the same time,there are some textual research on the edition and survial of his writings and pulishing. |
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