| Phellodendron amurense Rupr.(Rutaceae) is a deciduous tree commonly called the Amur cork tree. It is a kind of endemic species in China. The bark of P. amurense has been widely used as a traditional medicine in China. P. amurense produces Ajrtohrrizine, Palmatine and Berberine. These three alkaloids were regarded as rich source of pharmaceutically important biologically-active components. This research examined how alkaloids content varied in different parts, age phases, seasons and different geography of P. amurense nature population.A total of1468P. amurense trees were selected from15sampling sites in northeast China. The alkaloids levels in root bark, trunk bark, perennial branch bark, annual branches and leaves were estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography. These results provide a scientific basis for the reasonable cultivation and efficient use of P. amurense.(1)The alkaloids levels in root bark, trunk bark, perennial branch bark, annual branches and leaves were estimated to research content varied in different parts. The alkaloid content varied greatly both among and within plant parts. The relative ajrtohrrizine levels were:root bark> trunk bark> perennial branch bark> annual branches> leaves. During spring and summer, the palmatine content were:trunk bark> perennial branch bark> root bark> annual branches> leaves. In autumn, this regulation was:trunk bark> root bark> perennial branch bark> annual branches> leaves. The berberine levels in different parts were:root bark> trunk bark> perennial branch bark> annual branches> leaves.(2)The Phellodendron amurense of different vegetation areas were divided into three age groups:<10years,10-20years,>20years. Comparison between the groups alkaloid content changes, we can see the jatrorrhizine, palmatine and berberine contents increased with increasing age phases. In diverse vegetation areas, the alkaloids’ increasing rates were different, but showed gradual increased totally.(3)Compare with the alkaloid content among spring, summer and autumn in different vegetation areas. The jatrorrhizine contents in root bark and trunk bark were gradual increased along with the season passed, such as:autumn>summer>spring. The jatrorrhizine levels in perennial branch bark, annual branches and leaves were autumn>spring>summer. The palmatine in every plant parts were increased along the season, such as:autumn>summer>spring. The berberine was the highest value, the contents in root bark, trunk bark and perennial branch bark were increased along the season changed firstly, then reduced in autumn, such as summer>autumn> spring. The berberine content in annual branches was initially reduced in summer, then increased in aurumn.(4)During the sampling range of latitude (N40°32’39.11"-N49°51’19.7"),in spring, the jatrorrhizine content of root bark was increase gradually. The contents in trunk bark and perennial branch bark initially decreased as latitude increased, then increased to a higher level. During summer and autumn, the jatrorrhizine content in every plant parts had the similar regulation to the spring. The jatrorrhizine level decreased as latitude increased, with minimum values generally between47°and48°N, after which values increased greatly with latitude.During the three seasons of spring, summer and autumn, the palmatine contents had the similar regulation along the latitude:decreased as latitude increased firstly, with minimum values generally between44°N, after which values increased greatly with latitude. Annual branches and leaves changed with latitude response were not very obvious, because palmatine content in these two parts were less, so with the overall change value were small.During spring, summer and autumn, the berberine content and regression equation of the latitude variation is obvious. Berberine content in root bark, trunk bark and perennial branches first decreased with increasing latitude, at about46°N reached the lowest value, then gradually increased.(5)Though the isoline maps of alkaloid content in root bark, trunk bark and perennial branch bark as functions of latitude and longitude, we delimited the optimal geographic ranges for alkaloid content in each of the different parts of P. amurense in its natural distribution area. Based on our data, for jatrorrhizine, the optimal geographical range for harvesting were N40.2°-N42.1°, E122.3°-E123.4°and N47.2°-N50°, E127.2°-E132.6°. The P. amurense in southwest and northeast parts accumulated more jatrorrhizine level. For palmatine, the optimal geographical range for harvesting were N40.2°-N42.5°, E122.3°-E123.4°and N47.2°-N50°, E127.2°-E132.6°.These areas were similar to the jatrorrhizine distribution, at the same time, the palmatine content in the middle part was also higher. The optimal geographical range for berberine content harvesting were N40.2°-N42.3°, E122.3°-E123.9°; N40.2°-N42.1°, E129.7°-E132°range. In the southwest of sampling sites, berberine accumulated much more, the northeast was also the area where the berberine content was higher. These three kinds of alkaloid contents were higher in the same area, but the content of the different parts of the alkaloids were varied. |
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