The Northeastern Region Hazelnut Physiological Basis Of High Yielding Cultivation

The hazelnut belongs to Hazel Branch （Corylacae） Corylus （Corylus L.） species type, isone of the world’s four major nuts, comprehensive utilization of high-value, very versatile, asimportant woody grain and oil trees. The wide distribution of flat hazel germplasm in Chinais rich in resources, a very long history of the use of wild resources, but artificial cultivationtime is very short, there is a considerable gap between their production levels compared withforeign countries. This research from the light of hazelnut characteristics, pollen development,fertilization and embryo abortion process observation and preliminary biological habits revealour hazelnut unique photosynthetic and delay fertilization. The main findings are as follows:（1） Using the LI-6400photosynthesis system, PZ1and PZ2wild flat hazel, DW, PDH,YZ three kinds of flat European hybrid hazel as experimental material, these5various qualityhazelnut photosynthetic response curve, CO₂response curve and the diurnal variation ofphotosynthesis curve characteristics were compared. The experiments show that there areobvious differences between the five different germplasm hazelnut and light characteristics,the light efficiency and light saturation point of the order of approximately: PDH> DW>PZ1> YZ> PZ2; various quality hazelnut photosynthetic efficiency diurnal variation curveswere bimodal, and there’s "lunch break" phenomenon, the highest peak at08:00and17:00,and there are more obvious difference between other plant species; the five kinds hazelnutCO₂compensation point in45-70μmol·m^-2·s^-1, CO₂saturation point in the880-1350μmol·m^-2·s^-1between;5hazelnut maximum RuBP regeneration rate is13-34μmol·m^-2·s^-1, carboxylation efficiency of about0.04.（2） The paraffin sections producer hazelnut microspore developmental processes andtheir respective structures were observed, and the formation of pollen germinationmeasurement experiment off-body retention time, as well as the pollen on the stigma of aliving body. The results show that, hazelnut microspore developmental time generally beganin July of the first year, which lasted two months, pollen structure is basically formed in earlySeptember, and winter flowering loose powder suitable temperatures in April of the followingyear; hazelnut anther two cystic by the outer epidermis, endothecium, middle, and tapetumlayers together constitute the pollen wall and tapetum in pollen development process for small spores nutrition, disintegrated and disappeared in mature pollen; hazel and Ping PingEuropean hybrid hazel after natural drying at room temperature and stored at4℃refrigeratorpollen,50days rate is47.2%and74.3%.4-day pollen germination rate of in vivo pollen onthe stigma after flowering attached to the largest number, were hazel40.6peaceful Europehybridization hazel84.6pollen on the stigma attached to about24hours germination.（3） By paraffin sectioning technique to observe the process of the hazelnut fertilizationprocess and embryo abortion. The results show that, the ovule wall in late June differentiatedform beads and can significantly endosperm nucellus observed within the ovule, thus provingthat the process of fertilization has occurred; formation of globular embryos, ovules in lateJune, at the end of June form a heart-shaped embryos to early July, ovules, torpedo-shapedembryos, ovules formed in early July, around mid-July, ovules formed cotyledonary embryo;ovule in mid-July, after the rapid development until the formation of mature seeds. Radicle,and cotyledons embryos structure paraffin sections observed ovules within the shell fruit, youcan see from the empty fruit ovule, indicating that these failed to enrich the ovule has actuallycompleted the process of fertilization, just ovule occurred abortive.（4） Flat hazel level European hybrid hazel varieties Davidow material to change thelength of the Stigma, stigma may grant sexual its yield of change over time and artificialpollination research. The results show that, in the natural pollination conditions under,hazelnut stigma in the flower after5days growth to the longest dry shrinking rapidlythereafter; bagging the stigma still have30days after flowering may grant, and inunpollinated The case can be maintained as long as one month, the level hazel and Davidowmay grant stigma percentage still reach87.3%and92.1%, the stigma rapidly wilting afterpollination; flat hazel inedible fruit ratio of50%, empty fruit The main reason causing thefruit is not edible; Davidow inedible fruit for less than15%; flat hazel with Davidow’s Petalsrate, cross-pollination can reduce, but not to reduce the proportion of inedible fruit, includingflat-European hybrid hazelnut reached dimensional self-incompatibility and the problem doesnot exist, the level hazel has not been determined.