The Study On Relationship Of Attachment During The Period Of Liao And Jin Dynasties

Liao and Jin Dynasties are regarded as a significant period for relations of personaldependence in Chinese ancient history, when the fixed pattern of attachment was broken andnew situation emerged. With the social and economic development and rank relations changed,the relationship of attachment became loose gradually. Guanhu, Jianhu, Qu and tax payers fortwo taxes are main patterns of dependent households in the Liao and Jin Dynasties. Guanhuwas firstly shown before Liao Dynasty, Jianhu was shown in Jin Dynasty, similar to Guanhu,and Qu and tax payers for two taxes were shown in Liao Dynasty, which were newhouseholds emerged in the bottom of social rank during the period of Liao and Jin Dynasties.Guanhu is slaves with non-free identity subordinated to the country, while Jianhu iscivilians also with non-free identity subordinated to the country, which were allowed topossess private possession and were required to pay for national taxes in Jin Dynasty so as toform the comprehensive social and economic attachment to the country, but mainly led bysocial dependence with the lower position than civilians.Qu began in Liao Dynasty, referring to captives with non-free identity subordinated tothe country or owners to form the comprehensive social and economic attachment to thecountry. Its social rank was risen in Jin Dynasty, with free identity subordinated to the country,similar to civilians, when economic attachment was strengthened.Tax payers for two taxes are classified into three styles：tax payers for two taxes inGTouxiazhou, ones in temples and Woluduohu. Tax payers for two taxes were subordinated toowners and the country, which showed comprehensive relations in politics and economy inthe first periods of Liao Dynasty. With the decrease of the number of Touxia states in the laterage, the population of tax payers for two taxes also reduced. In the Jin Dynasty, with socialstatus risen, tax payers for two taxes became civilians, whose double subordination to Touxiaowner and the country tended to single one only to the country.Tax payers for two taxes mainly were subordinated to the temple and country, whichshowed comprehensive relations in politics and economy. During the transition period fromLiao Dynasty to Jin Dynasty, temple owners devaluated civilians to slaves and hid them toweaken their status to be new tax payers for two taxes. In the middle and later periods of Jin Dynasty, the tax payer for two taxes regain the status to be Qu or civilians, whose whosedouble subordination tended to single one only to the country.Woluduohu, subordinated to the Emperor, was his private possession, which showedcomprehensive relations in politics and economy.Although they are same in status and different in origin, with society stable, economydeveloping, culture progressive, their attachment relations gradually become loose, which isthe inevitable tendency to the progress of society, also to the development of history.