Grassland Property Right System And The "tragedy Of The Commons", "anti-tragedy Of The Commons.

In recent years, scholars begin to pay close attention to studies of grassland property right. Different system of grassland property rights has important influence on pasture utilization efficiency and herders’income, therefore, the survey on the grassland tenure system in different historical period is of great significance. On the basis of previous studies, this paper adopts participatory observation and in-depth interviews to collect data, and combined with the historical documents analysis, the research presents a more detailed and systematic description of grassland tenure system changes dating back to ancient times. Meanwhile, from the theoretical perspective of "Tragedy of the Commons" and "Tragedy of Anti-Commons" the paper analyzes and summarizes the different problems, namely severe degeneration of grassland and idle pasture under different periods of grassland property right systemThe paper consists of six parts. The Chapter one is the introduction, which introduces research background, definition of related concepts, related research achievements, basic situation of investigation area, the research methods, and theoretical perspectives, etc. In Chapter two, the author, based on interview data and historical documents which collected from villages, systematically discusses the grassland property right in different historical period (grassland property right in the history is divided into grassland property right, grassland tenure in the League-and-Banner System period and grassland property right in Collectivization period) and the research attempts to explain why has the"Tragedy of the Commons" and "Tragedy of Anti-Commons" not appeared in Collectivization period or even in earlier period. The Chapter three mainly presents the researcher’s in-depth interview data, and focuses on the definition of grassland property right system and pasture utilization under System for Contracted Responsibility. Futher, the paper also points out the problems which occur under System for Contracted Responsibility and gives summary and explanation by applying the "Tragedy of the Commons" theory. The Chapter four mainly discusses pasture utilization and idle pasture problem under the policy of "Double Rights and One System". And the paper also conducts a further explains and analysis on the causes of idle pasture, and made a summary by applying "the Tragedy of Anti-Commons" theory. The Chapter five discusses and reveals the close relationship between "Livestock Shed Feeding" policy and grassland property right, as well points out the existing problems of idle pasture under "Livestock Shed Feeding" policy. Based on the summary of previous chapters, the Chapter six summarizes the different results generated by grassland property right policies in different historical period.Through this investigation, the study finds that the significant feature of grassland property right is that grassland use right is becoming clearer and grazing boundaries is becoming smaller and smaller. From grazing boundaries of Banners in Qing Dynasty to grazing boundaries of Sumu and Gacha in the Collectivization period, to "Double Rights and One System","Livestock Shed Feeding" policy after Reform and Opening-up policy and the above these series of policy make prairie property becomes more and more clear.This paper argues that each different grassland property right system possesses different feature and has different effect. Less clear of the right to use grasslands, the weaker exclusive. In turn, more clear of the prairie property rights, the stronger is its excludability. However, both too strong or too weak exclusivity will badly affect the sustainable use of grassland.The research findings show that the grassland tenure itself or the property rights system can change herders’possessing consciousness and protection awareness through influence other elements such as grassland utilization and management system. After division of the pasture land, many issues and disputes around the pasture has aroused and it damages the personal relationship among people and the above situation directly or indirectly causes the severe grassland degradation and idle pasture and results in "Tragedy of the Commons" and "Tragedy of Anti-Commons".