Evaluation Of The Coordinated Development Of Urbanization And Ecological Environment Of Chongqing Since 1997

Urbanization is the inevitable trend of human economic and social development, and sustainable development is the guarantee and goal of the development of urbanization. Since the reform and opening up, the industrialization and urbanization of China rapidly develop, which have made some achievements in the city construction and economic development. However, the rapid development of the city has brought enormous benefits to society and economy as well as produced a series of city environmental problems. Sustainable development is confronting with great challenges. How to measure the relationship between city construction and ecological environment, has become an important issue of the city. With the development of the research, it has become the key and difficulty to quantitatively analyze the influence of urbanization on the ecological environment. Thoroughly understanding of the mutual influence between the ecological environment and urbanization, and adopting the proper development mode as well, are the great significance to promote the coordinated development of city and the ecological environment.Chongqing, as the largest economic center, water and land transportation hub and trading port of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and located in the southwest of China, has close economic ties with the surrounding area, which plays an important role to promote the development of southwest area and even the national economy. In 1997, Chongqing became the fourth municipality of China, with 2.39 times the total area of Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai. Chongqing is the youngest municipality directly under the central government, thus, its urbanization construction has got the all attention, and the city culture improved continuously. However, the traditional urbanization has neglected the impact on the surrounding ecological environment while promoting the rapid development of social economy. Regional sustainable development is facing a severe test. Based on this, this paper will introduce the ecological footprint method to the sustainable development of urbanization in Chongqing City, and quantitatively evaluate the coordinated development of ecological environment and ecological environment in the process of urbanization in Chongqing.This paper takes Chongqing as an example. It used the ecological footprint model to calculate the ecological footprint and ecological capacity from 1997 to 2014, compared each other to account the ecological deficit of Chongqing, and analyzed the development of Chongqing during the 18 years since its Territory. At the same time, based on Hierarchical model of urbanization level which is fit by Urbanization Level Measurement of indicator data of Chongqing from 1997 to 2014, measure out the development of urbanization level and the level of urbanization each year of Chongqing since its Territory. Finally, construction of the model of urbanization level and ecological model by using the statistical regression analysis, using this model to analysis and evaluation the influence level of ecosystem by urbanization development in Chongqing. Then points out the major problems existing in the process of urbanization development of Chongqing, and propose measures to reduce the ecological deficit and improve ecological security, these measures can be the reference of urbanization and ecological environment construction for Chongqing in the future.The main conclusions of this paper are as follows:(1)The ecological footprint of Chongqing city has showed an increasing trend, from 1997 per capital 0.6298hm2 to 1.3211 hm2 in 2014 with an average annual growth of 38.40%. Among them, the ecological footprint has little change, which increased from per capital by 0.6298 hm2 to 0.6656 hm2 during this period followed by a substantial growth in 2002, whose ecological footprint per capital has grown from 0.7278hm2 to 1.3211hm2 in 2014.It is 2.1 times that of 1997. The ecological footprint of the construction land, grassland and fossil fuel use has changed remarkable. The change of the construction land is mainly affected by the power consumption and the completion of the area affected, while the driving factors of grassland and fossil fuel are mainly life resource and energy consumption.(2)The per capital ecological carrying capacity of Chongqing city from 1997 to 2014 was decreased. Before 2001, the per capital ecological carrying capacity was reduced year by year, from 0.5179 hm2 down to 0.4873 hm2, including the lowest point 0.4746hm2 in the year 2007, and then it increased.(3)In 1997, the per capital ecological deficit was 0.1128 hm2, which increased to 0.2041 Hm2 in 2002 and 0.4202 hm2 in 2007, and it increased to 0.7124 hm2 in 2014, with an annual increasing rate of 3.33%. Production of ecological footprint of the rise is far greater than the ecological carrying capacity decreased, ecological deficit is more and more big, show that the economic development of Chongqing has greatly exceeded the scope of the local ecological carrying capacity, ecological environment under enormous pressure, area development is unsustainable development state and unsustainable degree is to further expand the trend.(4)The GDP ecological footprint of Chongqing decreased year by year, from 1.1990 hm2 in 1997 to 0.2761 hm2 in 2014, which cumulatively reduced the rate of 76.97%. The situation indicated that the resource utilization is improving and the improvement of production process and technology are the main factors to improve the utilization of land resources.(5)The urbanization level of Chongqing City showed an overall upward trend. The comprehensive urbanization level was 23.04% in 1997, the level of urbanization reached 64.68% in 2014, urbanization level increased 41.63%. Four measures of the urbanization level, economic development, population, life and the level of infrastructure, took the upward trend with time passing by and compared with 1997, the life style urbanization index rose the most rapidly with an increasing to 82.64%, suggesting that the rapid increasing of social productivity, the rapid development of urban society and economy, the adjustment and optimization of industrial structure, the improvement of economic level and medical treatment, changed the people’s living conditions and health status in a certain extent. The situation that the population level of Chongqing city in 1997-2014 was lower than the level of economic development, reflects the dissonance between economic development and the existing pattern of employment. The economic development level of Chongqing city has lagged behind the comprehensive urbanization level, indicating that the urban industrial structure is not reasonable in the process of urbanization, which needs to be upgraded innovated. The regional landscape urbanization and the comprehensive urbanization level has maintained the synchronous growth, which indicates that the urban infrastructure and the level of city appearance and land form construction have been improved steadily in the process of urbanization.(6)The results of regression analysis show that there is a significant correlation of ecological footprint and each evaluation factor of the level of urbanization of Chongqing, indicating that the urbanization development of Chongqing has strong effect on ecological footprint. From the side reflects the development of urbanization in Chongqing is at the expense of the environment cost. It can be seen that the economic development has strong impact on per capital ecological footprint from the regression coefficients, showing that the rapid growth of economic development, and the significant improvement of people’s living standard in the urbanization process, lead a corresponding increasing to per capital ecological accounting for land.The ecological footprint changes greatly.