| The oriental fruit moth (OFM), Grapholita molesta Busck (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) is a seriouspest of fruit trees in northern China. G. molesta larvae often harms the fruit and shoot of peach, pear,apple and many other fruit trees, which is seriously affect the quality and quantity of the fruit and itbecomes one of the most important limiting factors for fruit production at present. So far, the controllingmeasures of the OFM mainly depend on chemical pesticide which causes many serious problems, like“3R”. With the development of the consciousness of environment protection and the requirement ofgreen, healthy fruit, exploring the green, efficient integrated pest management, especially the green,efficient monitoring measures has become a prominent problem to be solved in the current situation.Therefore we systematically investigated the population dynamics and the behavior circadian rhythmsof the OFM in the orchard where peach, pear and apple were adjacent planted in Shenzhou, meanwhile,we comparatively studied the monitoring efficiencies of3methods, the sex pheromone carrier, thesugar-acetic-acid liquid and the ultraviolet light and the mechanism of the physiological behavioral ofthe OFM to the sex pheromone. The major results outlined as following:1. The two years investigation found that the occurrence and population dynamics of the OFM adultswere basically the same in different trees species and cultivars in the adjacent planted orchard inShenzhou. The amount and the occurrence period of the OFM were related to the host tree species andcultivars, and obvious preferred Shenzhou honey peach and pear.The OFM occurred5generations one year and emerged from the end of March to the earlyNovember in the experimental orchard. The peak periods of its overwintering generation and1st～4thgenerations respectively appeared in mid-to-end April, mid-to-end May, mid-to-end June, mid-to-endJuly and mid-to-end August. The occurrence of the OFM was related to the host species, cultivars andobvious preferred Shenzhou honey peach and pear. The first OFM was captured in the honey peachwhich was1～2d earlier than the other species and cultivars in the year of2012and2013.The regression analyzed showed that, the daily minimum temperature, maximum temperature andsunshine duration were the main factors which affected the occurrence of OFM adult of differentgenerations.2. The behavior circadian rhythm of the OFM adults were basically the same in different trees speciesand cultivars. The feeding behaviors were concentrated on14:00～16:00, the mating behaviors wereconcentrated on16:00～18:00and the phototaxis actions were concentrated on17:00～18:00in thepeak period of the overwintering generation. The3kinds of behaviors circadian rhythms of the1stgeneration were basically the same and all concentrated on18:00～20:00. The3kinds of behaviorscircadian rhythm of the rest generations were basically the same and all concentrated on20:00～22:00. 3. Comparatively analyzed the monitoring efficiencies of sex pheromone carrier, sugar-acetic-acidliquid and ultraviolet light from the trap efficiency, economical cost and ecological benefit three aspects.The investigation found that the sex pheromone carrier was the best monitoring measure of the OFM,the second was the sugar-acetic-acid liquid and the third was ultraviolet light. And the order was notrelated to the host species, cultivars and the generations of the OFM.4. A Y-tube olfactometer was used to compare the preferences of the1～10d adult of the OFM for thesex pheromones. And the study found the preference were related to the gender, day age and thecollocation of the sex pheromone.The research suggested that1～10day age male had different preference rate to the sex pheromonecarrier, and the2days moth had the highest preference rate, and10days moth had the lowest. The rateswere respectively50.7%、24.0%and they had significant difference in this rate. The other days age malewere no significant difference. All the female of1～10day age were insensitive to the sex pheromonecarrier, and the6days age(4.3%) had the highest preference rate, and8days age(2.3%) had the lowest,and they had significant difference in this rate. The other day age female were no significant difference.Both G. molesta and C. sasakii sex pheromone, and the combined sex pheromone, attracted G. molestain the Y-tube olfactometer test. The respective preferences of G. molesta for the above three treatmentsof pheromone were50.67%,8.67%and53.33%.The innovation of this paper was based on a comprehensive comparison and analysis, clarified thebest monitoring measure was the sex pheromone carrier among the sex pheromone carrier, thesugar-acetic-acid liquid and the ultraviolet light3measures. And the result was not related to the hostspecies, cultivars and the generations of the OFM. And it also clarified behavior circadian rhythm ofOFM adults and the impact factors of feeding, mating and phototaxis behaviors. The research found themonitoring mechanism of sex pheromone carrier and the relationship with the gender, day age and thecollocation of the sex pheromone. These results and discoveries laid the foundation for the developmenteffective and green monitoring measures and controlling techniques, also clarified the biologicalecology and the sex pheromone communication within the population of individuals, with the importantvalue in academic and production instruction. |
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