Genetic Management Of Captive Population Of African Penguin

African penguin (Spheniscus demersus) which lived in Southern Hemisphere as a unique bird watching were captived breeding in Shanghai Zoo since 1990s. With the development of Animal viewing market, more and more penguins are needed. The captived populations has a smaller number of individuals and no wild populations, with no clear record and irrational reproduction, leads shortage of genetic diver In order to solve these problems, we need to analysis the genetic diversity at Mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA, determine the pedigree relationship management program to develop a reasonable reproduction.Feather samples were collected from 46 breeding captive adult African penguins in Shanghai Zoo, and blood samples were collected for Pre-test. DNA extraction was conducted using the Qiagen DNeasy. Select the appropriate primers for PCR amplification reaction according reference, different PCR reaction products with different experimental treatments. Tests for null alleles were conducted with Microchecker. CERVUS 3.0, POPGENE Version 1.32, STRUCTURE 2.2 were used for Genetic diversity analysis, paternity testing. Phylogenetic tree was built with MEGA4.0. Using molecular biology methods of identify sexing to help paternity testing.The present study analyzed the sequence of a 430bp fragment of mtDNA D-loop region of 39 individuals from Shanghai Zoo and compared with published data of Japanese population. Results showed 15 (3.5%) variable nucleotides on the fragment, making up 10 haplotypes. The genetic distance among haplotypes ranged between 0.002 and 0.019. Japanese population contains two mtDNA D-loop lineages A and B. All Shanghai haplotypes belonged to lineage A. A total of five haplotypes were shared between the two populations. Genetic diversity was lower in Shanghai population than in Japanese population. Phylogenetic analysis showed Shanghai population could be divided into 3 sublineages, although confidence was fairly low (54%-87%). These results suggest that the genetic makeup of Shanghai population has considerable coverage of lineage A haplotypes of Japanese population. However, further introduction is required, particularly for individuals of lineage B haplotypes.Eight of the loci PNN01、PNN03、PNN06、PNN09、PNN012、G2-2、B3-2、 Sh2Ca21 were polymorphic, with the number of alleles ranging from 3 to 6. Each loci Site exclusion is between 0.56 and 0.87,5 locis of DP is high than 0.8, PNN09 has the high PE with 0.869, Cumulative individual discriminating of this 8 loci is 99.99%. The probability of same detection unrelated genotype is less than 10-14.CERVUS 3.0 were used for paternity testing,17 groups were identified at confidence level of 95%, the identification rate was 36.9%. We found that the population exists differentiation, is composed of two sub-groups of the population components.