| Prunus pedunculata Maxim was an unique ecological non-timber tree species in China, which had strong anti-dry, barren resistance and sand fixation in arid or semiarid areas P. pedunculata was also an high quality edible woody oil plant tress with crude fat content reaching to 55%～60% in the seed kernel, in which the unsaturated fatty acid content was reached to 96%-98%.However, in recent years by the impact of the environment and human activities, wild or semi-wild P.pedunculata resources were seriously damaged, endangered wildlife resources, has been listed as a protected plant directory.However, the wild and semi-wild P. pedunculata resources were seriously damaged duing to the impact of the environment and human activities in recent years, and had been listed into the first-grade State protection directory. Based on the field surveys of different P. pedunculata groups, genetic diversity was studied from the morphological and molecular level in Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi, which was to provide important theoretical basis for the resource conservation, evaluation and breeding. The main findings were as follows:1. The selection of SSR primer. From 311 pairs Rosaceae kernel with stone fruit plants SSR primers screened out high polymorphism, good reproducibility and clear bands of 11 pairs of primers. PIC was measured the effectiveness of the sort from high to low as 11 pairs of primers:ES1, UD98-409, BPPCT023, pchgms36, pchgms40-1, pchgms40-2, B12, M9a, Pchgms2, PmcpO2, EST-SSR41, of which the first eight pairs of primers PIC values were greater than 0.5, the primer effectiveness ratio of 72.7%.2. SSR loci genetic diversity. Alleles Na number 11 pairs of SSR primers were detected and other 157.0, the average number of alleles per primer 14.2727, which pchgms36 primers best; amplified average effective alleles (Ne) 34.8 Ge, fluctuation range in 1.8342-8.3115, where the maximum number of effective alleles ES1 primer; diversity index (Ⅰ) at 1.0934～2.3022, primer ES1 highest; expected heterozygosity (He) fluctuations in the range 0.2860-0.7039, UD98-409 site of the highest; the actual heterozygosity (Ho) up to 4.1549, UD98-409 highest 0.6865; gene flow in the range of 0.3351～2.1429, primer UD98-409 highest; fixed coefficient (Fis) between-0.1842～0.7133, primer BPPCT023 highest; Fst values between 0.1045-0.4273, the highest of which Pmcp02; Fit values between 0.0556-0.7738, where the primer BPPCT023 highest, M9a primer minimum.3. The inner and intra genetic diversity in P. pedunculata populations. When the K value was five, the special gene pools was builded among P. pedunculata, P. triloba and P. Mongolica, respectively. In P.pedunculata populations, its had the higher genetic diversity and heterozygosity among Qiandian, Hujigou and Lamadong populations, which showed the rate was higher when superior plants selection. However, its had the pure gene pools and lower heterozygosity at Daqingshan population, which showed the protection zone ought to be builded.4. Genetic structure in P. pedunculata populations. Analysis of 10 P. pedunculata population were showed that the genetic diversity of SSR, the Na, Ne, I, Ho, He, Fis, HWE value of Qiandian group were 3.091,1.942,0.683,0.373,0.365,-0.0310 and 0.9178, indicating that the population mainly among individuals with inbreeding and close relationship, the lowest level of genetic diversity; on the contrary, Na Huhhot Lama hole groups, Ne, I, Ho, He, Fis, HWE respectively 4.091,2.838,1.100,0.500, 0.573,0.115 and 0.7615 to exhibit a low probability of inbreeding, genetic background differences, the highest level of genetic diversity among individuals between individuals; the other eight genetic relationship of these two groups located between the groups.5. Genetic differentiation and gene exchange in P.pedunculata population. SSR Loci 10 natural P.pedunculata groups within the population, mainly from 93.0%, 7.0% among populations; the value of genetic differentiation was 0.016 to 0.127, it belongs to lower level, and the highest located to Suishichang population and Lamadong population, and the lowest located to Suishichang population and Yuyang population; gene flow between different populations were greater than 1.0, indicating the presence of more frequent gene exchange among the different groups of P.pedunculata. Qiandian populations in participants of 10 natural populations in the lowest overall performance by way of inbreeding, indicating kinship groups of individuals near; and Hohhot in Inner Mongolia Lama hole skillet natural populations of almond on the contrary, its close relative small chance of breeding, genetic background differences between individuals greater level of genetic diversity between individuals of the highest, and gene frequencies of these two groups and genotype has undergone significant changes, genetic deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.6.The relationship and evolution in P.pedunculata populations. Tested 10 groups can be divided into 5 groups:group 1 and 2 contains a P.pedunculata population, genetic distances of 0.25 and 0.35; group 3 and 4 contains three pedunculata Pall population, genetic distance between 0.73 and 0.82; The group 5 contains two P.pedunculata, and genetic distance was 0.82. The results showed that these had the close relationship between Lamadong population and Suishichang, but far relationship with other populations.7. The relationship among P. pedunculata, P. triloba and P. Mongolica. Based on the clustering analysis, P. pedunculata, P. triloba and P. mongolica was single group showed that these were far relationship. However, based on the genetic distance, P. pedunculata and P. triloba had close relationship than P. Mongolica bacause P. pedunculata and P. triloba was one group when the distance was 0.2. From this results and genetic structure, we think P. triloba may be hybrid with P. Pedunculata.8. P.pedunculata blade phenotypic trait variation in natural populations were abundant.327 germplasm analysis results show that the shape of the blade can be divided into three types, oval-shaped leaves of the most common, accounting for 65.0%; leaf base can be divided into three categories, in order to wedge the most common, accounting for 45.0%; leaf teeth may divided into five categories, which coarsely toothed highest proportion, accounting for 35.2%; acuminate tip to type based; leaf length in 0.94～4.52 cm, can be divided into nine types, the most common type is short (1.49～1.84cm), short (1.85～2.14 cm), medium (2.15～2.54 cm) and long (2.55cm～2.79 cm), accounting for 86.2%; variation in leaf width 0.39-2.55cm, separable 8 class, common types of narrow (0.75-0.88cm), narrow (0.89～1.00cm), in (1.01～1.34cm) and wide (1.25～1.44cm), accounting for 69.2%; leaf length and width ratio between 0.84～5.93cm, divided into 6 types, the most common type of wide circle (1.50～2.14cm), accounting for 43.1%; petiole in between 0.29～1.53cm, divided into six categories, the most common type is very short (0.29～0.49 cm), very short (0.50～0.69 cm) and short (0.70-0.84 cm), accounting for 91.1%.9. P.pedunculata floral organ phenotypic variation in natural populations were abundant.327 germplasm analysis results show a wide variation petal maximum coefficient of variation of 0.25; according to flower diameter can be divided into six types, in both (11.95～13.59mm), accounting for 34% of the total; Corolla diameter is divided into six types, with a wide (22.66-25.99mm), accounting for 36%, petal length can be divided into five types with a longer (10.44～12.06mm) class, accounting for 37% petals broadly divided into five types to neutralize (7.29-8.85mm), accounting for 30% of the total, the number of stamens in 5 types with less (20 to 24), accounting for 48% of the total number of stamens length of 6 minutes longer to type (9.25～10.88mm) dominated, accounting for 26% of the total length of the pistil in the sub-6 type (8.55-9.63mm), accounting for 21% of the total.10. P.pedunculata natural populations fruit phenotypic trait variation was rich. The results show that 327 accessions, the largest fruit weight variation, variation coefficient of 0.27, weight in the range of 0.29～1.99 g, divided into seven types, in both fruit (0.83-1.23g), accounting for the total number of the proportion of 61.0%; fruit length in 9.8～17.78mm range can be divided into 7 types of fruit in a short (11.58～13.09mm) and the fruit (13.11～14.64mm), accounting for the total number of 77%; fruit width in the range of 8.91～16.05mm, is divided into six types to narrow fruit (10.75-2.99mm) and the fruit (13.07-3.56mm), accounting for 57% of the total; If the aspect ratio of 0.84 to 1.66 range, divided into four types, in both fruit (0.93-1.25mm), accounting for 83% of the total; fruit diameter in the range of 8.77-16.16mm, divided into 5 types, type in the fruit diameter (10.25～12.33mm), accounting for 74% of the total.In summary, Xiaojinggou P.pedunculata populaitons, Zhangjiakou, Shengle Museum flowering plum populaitons, Er Laohugou and Hademengou Mongolian almond populatiosn formed their own independent and highly pure gene pool, it was recommended in situ conservation or establishment of nature reserves to strengthen efforts to protect natural populations. P.pedunculata groups SSR loci mainly from molecular variation within the population, but very little variation among populations, which is located in Qiandian, Hujigou, Lamadong level of genetic diversity highest as excellent screening plants, the first choice of the selection of parental breeding or core breeding population builds. At the same time, this study may support Triloba interspecific hybrids speculation. |
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