Mao Tse-Tung And The Sino-U.S. Relations From 1949 To 1969

China and the United States was engaging in a confrontation lasting for more than two decades, before coming to detente finally in 1970s. But the long-term "hate" between China and the U.S. is not from the fundamental conflicts of the national interest, and therefore is not as that absolutely irreconcilable as it appears. Near the end of World War Ⅱ, the U.S. was expecting China to establish a pro-American coalition government by a bipartisan way in order to restrict the influence of the Soviet in Asia, but the civil war still began. The Chiang Kai-shek’s katabasis in the Chinese Civil War let the U.S. saw the Kuomintang government’s corruption and incompetence, but because of the historical relationship and the "Allies" identity, the off-body policy of the U.S. to Chiang was ambiguous. At the same time, the U.S.’s policy towards the Chinese Communist Party was swing. Therefore, China and the U.S. missed the best time to contact each other because of mistrust at the beginning of the founding of the People’s Republic of China. The later Korean War pushed these two countries into hand-to-hand fight------a direct confrontation, the hate caused by this war again exacerbated the distrust between the two sides, but they never completely shut down the door to reconciliation between them. Even if the U.S. was in the period of Dulles doctrine and McCarthyism prevailed, or China was in the era of the ultra-left ideological trend influenced, the organ of power or government agency in these two countries were always consider the possibility of reconciliation. This article analyzes the essence of confrontation between China and the U.S. from 1949 to 1969 and the possibility of reconciliation from Mao Tse-Tung’s perspective.In Mao’s view, all diplomatic works are served for the interests of the state, and must follow the principle of national independence and sovereign equality. Under this principle, all divisions are negotiable. At the beginning of the founding, China tried to contact with the U.S. for several times for the reasons of creating peaceful and stable international environment. Because the U.S. cannot sever their ties with Chiang Kai-shek and cannot abandon Taiwan affairs, all the efforts failed. At this moment, the Dulles doctrine overrun in the U.S., the international situation surrounding of China strained again, especially the threat from the Soviet Union made Mao to start a radical way. On domestic policy, he used a mass movement and the class struggle way to organize social production and economic construction. On diplomatic policy, he took a tougher attitude, and believed that only "revolution" and "struggle" will get the real and lasting peace. Under the guidance of the ultra-left trend, all aspects of China went to a state of radical, "anti-imperialism" and "anti-revisionism" slogans are full of everywhere.It seems impossible to improve Sino-U.S. relations at this moment, however, "things will develop in the opposite direction when they become extreme". Ultra-left thought finally bring China into the great crises of "Cultural Revolution", Mao finally thought it impossible that "the great order built on the great disorder under heaven", and mobilization of revolution years is not suitable for the peace time. Soon after the Cultural Revolution began, the diplomatic system was impacted and greatly influenced China’s international image and the development of China’s diplomatic work. Mao’s personality and position makes it impossible to admit his wrong route, but he eventually rectified the "left" started from the concrete affairs. Since then, Mao began to concern China’s diplomatic work directly, a mass of his specific instructions for diplomatic work reveal a strong pragmatic style and ease breath, which is the premise to improve the Sino-U.S. relations.This paper mainly tries to reveal the essence of the against between China and the U.S. and the favorable turn behind it, according to a large number of manuscripts, memoirs and related documents of Mao and other related characters. There are six parts in this article:the preface part simply introduced the origin of the topic selection, the available research materials, the related research results and the article mentality, the conclusion part summarizes the main argument of this article. The main exposition part of this article is divided into four chapters:the first chapter describes the tradition of the hostility to "revolution" in American, the young Mao Tse-Tung’s concept of the U. S. and the contact between China and United States during the World War Ⅱ, these factors affect the later Sino-U.S. relations in different degrees. Then the second chapter reviews the opportunity of diplomatic ties existed between China and the U.S. before and after the founding of the PRC. At that time, the two sides are not controlled by that strong ideological factors, just because of the lack of communication experience, mutual understanding and trust, thus they missed the opportunity. In the third chapter, the Sino-U.S. Relations is in an extremely nervous stage, the hatred between China and the U.S. seems absolutely irreconcilable, but most of the hatred come from ideological confrontation, but not caused by a conflict of fundamental interest. The fourth chapter elaborates China and the U.S. finally rationally laid down their ideological confrontation regard for the two sides of the interests of the state, especially the national security interests, and committed to mutual compromise under a certain principle. Since then, the door of the reconciliation between China and American will open soon.