| China and India belong to four great ancient civilizations, both having a long history development. As agricultural countries, they attached great importance to agriculture, rural areas and farmers’ problems. Their rural governance also started comparatively early, it can be traced back to the slave society period or even earlier. In ancient China, the rural governance mainly reflected in the management system of the village affairs and household registration, and the rural governance was mainly through the li system and baojia system. In the village, the management mainly relied on Squire and family influence. In modern China, the Qing government and the Nationalist also had explored the rural governance of China, but for the reason that the instability of the temporal society, the policy cannot be effectively implemented. After the founding of New China, the government had explored the rural governance of China in a socialist model. It had formed the pattern of the Communist Party, the Government, and the General Public by absorbing the successful experience of governance revolution period. In the 1950 s, China established the people’s commune system which combines the government and the cooperative. Soon, this kind of system exposed many malpractices. After the reform and opening up, China gradually established the rural governance model of “Township Politics and Village Governance”.Panchayat Raj could be dated back to the primitive society in India. Before the British colonial invasion, Panchayat Raj was the main system. At that time, the village was relatively closed, so the anchayat Raj system meant an organization of village self-government to the country, and meant a organization of the absolutism to the villager. After the Middle Ages, with the village community collapsed, the power of Panchayat Raj had been weaken. After the British colonial invasion, Panchayat Raj had been replaced by “intermediary”, and then the restore of the Panchayat Raj existed in name only, being a tool of British colonial rule. Since independence from Britain, Panchayat Raj had recovered and developed well. The government attached great importance to its role, and constantly improved it. It is a reflection of democracy at the grassroots level in India.Contemporary China and India had many differences in the rural governance mechanism, just like The governance body, the relationship between them, the land system, employment security mechanism, compulsory education mechanism, medical security mechanism, rural old age security mechanism, rural women’s political participation security mechanism and so on. At the “Township Politics”, China’s governance body was the Communist Party and the Government, and at the “Village Governance” were the Communist Party and the organization of village self-government. But India’s governance body is the organization of village self-government. At the aspect of their relationship, they all had some problems. China’s system of land was under collective ownership and the system of household contract management. In India, as a result of incompletely land reform, the most of land were mastered by the landlords, and this is a major cause of India’s rural poverty. The effective management of land system provided a good condition for Chinese rural security system. Overall, the actual effect of China’s safeguard mechanism was better than India’s.By contrast, China could learn experience from the success of India, and learn lessons from the deficiencies of India, to provide a reference for the perfection of China’s rural governance mechanism. Like perfecting rural governance body, straightening out their relationship, development of diversified governance body. |
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