The Village Community System And Changes Of The Rural Governance In Russia

The Russian rural commune hereinafter referred to as the village community, also known as the land commune, the commune of farmers.It originally produced in the Late Primitive Society. The village community has a long history, playing an important role in the Russian historical development process, and it has been known as " the Special spirit of Russia". From the perspective of the typology of the village community historical development, the development of the Russianvillage community mainly experienced four periods:The original clan commune, the feudal Kievan Rus commune, the Tsarist Russia commune, and the commune of farmers after the reform in 1861.For a long time, the Russian village community has always been regarded as the unique structure of Russian civilization, heatedly debated by many scholars.The origins and evolution,the institution and form, the content and feature about the Russian village community have been revealed gradually, but its governance structure and its role in the National Governance has been unknown.This paper from the perspective of rural governance, explores the changes of the village community organizations.The Russian village community occupies the important position in grassroots governance, because it has particular organizational structure and governance mechanism, which satisfies the needs of the nation and the Lord and on behalf of the benefit of collective village community and peasant household. Because of the peculiarity, the village community is long lasting and always exits as peasant’s grassroots organization. The village community is the meeting and the balance of state power and village community power. It has dual attributes of national attributes and social attributes; the two of them cooperate with each other and fight with each other. For one thing, the village community is peasant’s voluntary association; for another, it is national tax tool. So the village community switches roles between procurator and protector. The rural governance has mixing characteristics of autonomous democracy and patriarchal despotism, because it works by some organizations, such as Mir assembly、village head、 the elders meeting, as well as some mechanisms, such as customary law、traditional customs. But with the development of the country and the historical changes, the governance structure and governance characteristics have changed that formal mechanisms have replaced informal mechanisms and administrative bureaucracy attribute transcended autonomy attribute.The governance has been more normative and more democratic, moreover, the internal relationship of the village community and the relationship between nation and the village community also has changed.In modern times,under the impact of the state power and modernization, the village community is in internal unrest and the grass-roots is out of order.The village community has a profound impact on the Russia.Because of the village system and governance structure,the modernization of Russia is particular,This article embarks from the power structure of the village community, through the analysis of the social structure, the internal relationship of the village community and the institutional features, to reveal the dual organization structure and the governance mechanism which are formed under the dual power structure and the changes ofthe Russia rural governance.On this basis, combining with the Russian society modernization process, the paper explains the dilemma which the village community faces in the process of transformation and its historical trend,and summarizes the governance heritages of the village community institution.