| Nowadays, China has already become the country that has most of the aged in the world. Moreover, the gross aged in China is still increasing. Thus, the supporting problem becomes an important problem that needs to be solved urgently in China. On the other hand, equalization of social endowment insurance is a main approach to solve the supporting problem in China effectively. However, aging of population presents obvious urban and rural inversion, namely the aging degree in rural areas is higher than in towns. The aged in countryside have numerous populations. Social endowment insurance system is perfect constantly, while rural social endowment insurance has been hovered in confusion and has already become one of the weakest links in the social security system of China. The shortage of guarantee capability in rural social endowment insurance results in higher occurrence rate of the rural poor aged than the occurrence rate of the urban poor aged to some extent. In July 2012, the12 th Five-year Plan of Basic National Public Service System indicated that “During the period the 12 th Five-year plan, it is necessary to perfect basic public service system covering urban and rural residences and promote equalization of basic public services; When realizing the goal of building well-off society in an all-around way in2020, basic public service system is relatively sound. Basic public service gaps inurban and rural areas are shortened obviously and equalization of basic public services should be realized basically.” Thus, it can be observed that as an important part of social insurance, social endowment insurance has already stepped into the process of equalization. As a member of the Yangtze River Delta city group, degree of urbanization is relatively higher, and economic development level is also relatively higher. In recent years, Wuxi municipal government is also perfecting the social endowment insurance, shrinking difference of urban and rural social endowment insurance, and realizing equalization of urban and rural social endowment insurance gradually. Data show that Wuxi entered into the city with an aging population as early as 2016. In the end of 2014, the aged with over 60 years old in census register in Wuxi were 1.1457 million people and were increased by 5.29% by comparing the last year.The aging proportion reached 24.05%. In the future, population in Wuxi will continue to develop in “a severe direction”. It predicts that the aged over 60 years old for registered population in the whole city will reach 1.1957 million people and increase by 4.36%. Under the severe situation, Wuxi will combine with the physical truth to implement exploration on equalization of urban and rural social endowment insurance gradually in accordance with national requirements. In 2010, Wuxi carried out implementation of new-type rural endowment insurance system comprehensively. In September 2012, Wuxi completed consolidation on social endowment insurance of urban residences and new-type rural social endowment insurance to increase attachment on equalization of endowment insurance constantly.Based on the above-mentioned realistic background, the paper selects urban and rural equalization of social endowment insurance in Wuxi as the research objects, tries to solve the following problems greatly, seeks for the basic connotation of equalization of urban and rural social endowment insurance in theory and realization mechanism of equalization of urban and rural social endowment insurance in practice,analyzes status and system root of equalization of Chinese urban and rural social endowment insurance systematically, as well as social welfare effects of urban andrural differences in social endowment insurance, and looks for realization conditions and ways of urban and rural social endowment insurance in Wuxi based on it. First of all, the paper introduces the status of endowment insurance in China and in Wuxi,respectively, simply analyzes the aging problem and supporting problem in China,finds that urban and rural social endowment insurance in China is mutually independent. The social endowment insurance system is perfect constantly, while rural social endowment insurance system has been exhausted and becomes a relatively weak link in social security system in China, resulting in poor aged in rural areas. Moreover, the paper proposed an important problem that equalization of endowment insurance should be solved at this stage in China. For Wuxi,establishment, reform and perfection of urban and rural social endowment insurance in Wuxi have been ranking in the top position in domestic and developing towards“optimization from comprehension.” It basically has completed the combination between “new rural insurance” and “urban insurance. However, impacted by economy,system and politics, etc., multiple factors, non-balanced development or urban and rural social endowment insurance in Wuxi still expands social insurance gaps between urban and rural groups and enables overall development of urban and rural endowment insurance in Wuxi to encounter with a bottle neck. Secondly, by constructing equalized evaluation indicators of social endowment insurance, the paper reviews from three aspects of equality of opportunity, process equalization and result equalization, etc. From the perspective of equality of opportunity, coverage rate and insured ratio can be utilized to measure equalization of endowment insurance. From the perspective of process equalization, endowment insurance satisfactory pension payments per capita and target replacement rate of endowment insurance can be measured. From the perspective of result equalization, three indicators, including social life participation of the aged, expected lifetime of population and life satisfaction of the aged, can be used to measure. By analyzing various indicators, it can be found that objects who participate in resident endowment insurance in Wuxiare quite extensive. The coverage rate can reach 100%. Therefore, difference of coverage rate between urban and rural social endowment insurance system within the range of Wuxi is not large. With the increase of years of payments, standard human replacement rate no matter in urban or rural social endowment insurance system is rising. Standard human pension replacement rate under endowment insurance system of urban employees is sensitive to changes of years of payments. The pension replacement rate of rural residences has been maintained about 20%-24%. Under the urban and rural social endowment insurance system, pension replacement rate has larger difference. Urban replacement rate is obviously higher than rural areas.Moreover, the difference has the tendency to enlarge gradually, indicating that welfare of rural residences under the social resident endowment insurance system is increased less by comparing with cities and towns. Endowment guarantee capability of urban and rural social endowment insurance system still has certain difference. By analyzing social activity participation of the aged, it can be found that activity participation of the urban aged is generally higher than rural areas. According to lifetime indicators of human expectation, expected population lifetime in 2000 in rural areas was 71.70 years old, while expected population lifetime in urban areas was 76.76 years old. The difference was 5.05 years old. The expected population lifetime in 2010 in rural areas was 74.91 years old, while expected population lifetime in urban areas was 81.06 years old. The difference was 6.15 years old, indicating that during the ten years from2000 to 2010, average expected lifetime in urban and rural areas was slightly improved. However, expected lifetime difference between urban and rural areas was expanding gradually. According to life satisfaction of the aged, the urban aged who think life is satisfactory and relatively satisfactory were 11.63% and 46.51%,respectively, which were higher than 6.02% and 38.55% of the rural aged, indicating that life satisfaction of the urban aged was generally higher than the rural aged.Ultimately, the paper studies development influences on equalization of social endowment insurance in Wuxi from the perspective of economy, politics, system andcultural concept, analyzes potential development factors of impacting social endowment insurance, reveals mechanism of influence factors on equalization of social endowment insurance, proposes reasonable countermeasures and suggestion on equalization of social endowment insurance in Wuxi, and looks for critical point and breakthrough of equalization of regional social endowment insurance. |
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