| Walnut Juglandaceae Juglans is one of nut tree species with long history widely distributed in China.Walnut is one ideal health food with rich nutrition.China is a main country planting walnuts with rich resources.The processing of walnnt is still backward in China as systematic analysis and evaluation of nutrients,and research of by-product are lacked.Therefore,the appearance quality of ten walnuts from different Western provinces were evaluated,the content of fat,protein,mineral elememts,amino acids and fatty acid composition were analyzed.The internal nutrition indicators of ten walnuts were comprehensively analyzed by principal component analysis.Moreover,the apoptosis effect of walnut peel polyphenols on tumor cells was studied.1.Comprenensive analysis and evaluation of the walnut appearance and nutritional composition of its nut from 10 species.The appearance and quality evaluation of walnuts for ten species,including"Wen 81","Wen 185","Xin Cuifeng","Xin Zaofeng","Xin Xin2","Zha 343","Tie walnut" from Xinjiang Province,"Ye walnut","Qingchuan walnut" from Sichuan Province and "Pao walnut" from Yunnan Province were implemented.Results showed that they possessed similar appearances with pale yellow shells and full walnut kernels.Walnut kernels of“Wen 81","Wen 185”and "Xin Xin 2" could be taken out completely,while walnut kernels of "Pao walnut","Zha 343","Xin Zaofeng" and"Xin Cuifeng" could be taken out in half.Walnut kernels of "Qingchuan walnut" and"Tie walnut" could be taken out only in a quarter.Therefore,walnuts from Xinjiang Province were more suitable for hand-stripping comparing with others."Wen 185"and "Wen 81”possessed higher kernel percent accounting for 64.71%and 62.46%,respectively,while "Xin Cuifeng" and "Xin Zaofeng" had lower kernel percent accounting for 48.77%and 46.65%,respectively.In general,walnut kemals contained fat 65%,similar fatty acid compositions composed of palmitic acid,stearic acid,oleic acid,linoleic acid and linolenic acid.The relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in total fatty acis was 71.24%,the n-6/n-3 ratio of walnut oil was identical to the ratio of n-6/n-3,(5-10):1 recommendated by WHO.Walnut kernel contained 13%amino acids composing of 17 composition required by human.27.49%-28.92%of the total amino acids in walnut were essential nutrients.In addition,walnut kernel were rich in Mn,Fe,K,P,Ca,Mg,Zn,Cu,Se,Na and other trace elements.According to the score of principal component value and evaluation function of each sample,"Tie walnut","Xin Cuifeng","Zha 343" and "Xin Xin2" possessed higher comprehensive nutrition level with the superior comprehensive indexand2.Extraction and purification of polyphenols from Walnut green husk.Spectrophotometry analysis showed that the crude extracts of walnut green husk contained polyphenols,flavonoids and total polysaccharide,13.92,131.60 and 565.69 mg/g,respectively.Column chromatography with AB-8 resin was used to separate and purify high purity of polyphenol compounds from the crude extraction of walnut green husk.The optimal conditions to purify were as bellows,concentration of feed 3.0 mg/ml,flowing rate 2.0 mg/min,elute ethanol concentration 30%,and the volume of polyphenol sample 100 ml,elution rate 2.0 ml/min,elute volume 800 ml.After eluted with AB-8 resin,the polyphenols purity reached 13.29%,which was approximately 9.56 times higher than the previous 1.39%.3.Effects on 231 cell apopsis of walnut peel polyphenols and mechanismMTT test results showed that walnut peel polyphenols significantly inhibited the proliferation of 231 cells,the action was positively associeated with the concentration and action time of polyphenols.Flow cytometry analysis showed that the number of 231 cells in G0/G1 phase increased,while the number in S phase decreased with increasing of concentration of walnut peel polyphenols,which suggesting that walnut peel polyphenols could arrest 231 cells in G0/G1 phase,and block development of G2/M toward G2/M phase.Raman spectroscopy analysis showed that walnut green husk polyphenols reduced the Raman intensity of cells,which was negatively associeated with the polyphenols concentration.Further analysis Raman spectra of test 231 cells showed that supplememntal polyphenols extract might cause massive breach of cellular strcture and losing of functions partially or completely.In this paper,comprehensive analysis of the appearance quality and nutritional quality of 10 species of walnuts was conducted in order to provide scientificknowledge for breeding and deep process of walnuts in China.Walnut green husk is a thick layer of green peel in immature walnut external layer.The abundant of the by-product resulted in not only of resouse lose but also environmental pollution.In present,the study of comprehensive utilization of the bioactive components from walnut green are fewly reported,to explore and utilixze this by-product will be great potential. |
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