Uptake And Translocation Of Inorganic Element In Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bge.

Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma is the dried root and rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. belonging to the family Labiatae. It has cultivated in many areas, due to the large market and clinical demand, but the quality is of obvious differences. Inorganic elements not only affect the growth and development of S. miltiorrhiza, but also influence the synthesis and accumulation of active components. Therefore, the inorganic element has an important influence on the formation of the quality of Danshen. This research based on our previous research results and the related literature study, Shandong, Henan and Sichuan provenance of S. miltiorrhiza tissue culture seedlings and corresponding cultivated field soil (Linqu, Shandong, Fangcheng, Henan and Sichuan Zhongjiang) are the search materials. By pot and field cultivation experiments, we analyzed full amount and fractions of inorganic elements in S. miltiorrhiza rhizosphere soil, subcellular distribution and chemical forms of inorganic elements in roots, accumulation and distribution of inorganic elements in plant, to explore the uptake and translocation of inorganic elements in S. miltiorrhiza. The main results are the followings:(1) The nutritional type of uptake and utilization of inorganic elements in S. miltiorrhiza is different. There was a provenance difference in the total content and content of chemical speciation in rhizosphere soil, presenting higher or lower than that in non rhizosphere soil. In the same soil, the difference of total content of inorganic element in rhizosphere soil of three provenance was not obvious, but the difference of the content of element fractions was significant, among which provenance differences of element fractions of Cd, Ca, S, Mn, Pb, Co and Mo were relatively large. The distribution of three provenances on the same soil element distribution was different, and water soluble fraction, Fe-Mn oxide fraction, organic fraction and residual fraction differ significantly. Among them, Shandong and Henan provenance S. miltiorrhiza have relatively large difference in element fractions. The exchange fraction and Fe-Mn oxide fraction is higher than that of non rhizosphere soil, residual fraction is lower than than that of non rhizosphere soil for Henan provenance. Fe-Mn oxide fraction and organic fraction is higher than that of non rhizosphere for Shandong provenance. It shows that rhizosphere behavior of S. miltiorrhiza has provenance difference in the activation and absorption of inorganic element.(2) There are different genotypes for the storage and transformation of the inorganic elements in S. miltiorrhiza. Inorganic elements in root mainly distributed in cell wall and cell liquid. As mainly distributed in the cell wall, and Mg, Mn, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn mainly distributed in the cytosol and vacuole. Pb is mainly distributed in the soluble fraction and cell wall. Pb content in soluble fraction and cell wall in three provenances have significant genotypic difference. Soluble fraction and cell wall are the main storage sites of elements in S. miltiorrhiza root. The main element occurrence in the root is ethanol extraction. Mg, Mn, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were mainly in the ethanol extractable form, and the chemical form of Fe, As and Cr were relatively uniform, but the distribution rate of three provenances were different. The chemical form of Mg and Fe have obvious differences in genotype. Among three provenances, the transformation ability of elements in Henan provenance is tronger, while Sichuan provenance is weaker.(3) The distribution amount of inorganic element of overground part is higer than underground parts in S. miltiorrhiza, especially the heavy metals. The distribution volume of Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, B, Mo, Ca, Co, K, Mn, S, Cd and Cr are higher than underground parts, but allocation of Mg, Mo, Co, P and Cd in underground part are higher than that in overground part for Shandong provenance, Mg distribution amount in underground part is higher than that in overground part for Sichuan provenance. P allocation in underground part is higher than that in overground part for Henan provenance. BCF and TF show that the transport ability of Ca, Pb, Mn, B, Cr and As is relatively stronge, which make As, Pb, Cr and Mn heavy metals mostly transporte to overground part. That is the reason that the content in root is reduced.(4) Inorganic element speciations in rhizosphere soil and chemical form of element in root affect the absorption and utilization of inorganic elements in S. miltiorrhiza. The subcellular distribution and chemical forms of inorganic element in root have some correlation with the corresponding element in the rhizosphere soil. Among which subcellular distribution and storage of Fe, Cd, Cu and Zn were affected remarkabley by the corresponding elements in the rhizosphere, and chemical forms of Cd, As, Pb and Zn were affected remarkabley by the corresponding elements in the rhizosphere. The distribution of elements in S. miltiorrhiza mainly have significant negative correlation with the corresponding Fe-Mn oxide fraction, organic fraction and residual fraction elements in rhizosphere soil. Increasing water soluble and exchangeable S, K and Cd content of rhizosphere soil will promote the accumulation of elements in S. miltiorrhiza. Increasing bioavailable (water soluble and exchangeable fraction) or biological potential (Fe-Mn oxide and organic fraction) As content does not promote As accumulation in underground part of S. miltiorrhiza and P accumulation in overground part. It may be the reason that Cd content easily exceed the standard while As content deos not easily exceed the standard. The distribution of Pb, Fe, Cd and Cr in plant were affected by the chemical form of element in root. Pb in the underground part positively correlated with residual Pb, and significantly negatively correlated with acetic acid extractable Pb; Fe in underground part respectively had a significant positive correlation with water extractable Fe, and a significant negative correlation with sodium chloride extractable Fe; Cd in overground part had significant positive correlation with ethanol extractable Cd, and showed a significant negative correlation with hydrochloric acid extractable Cd; Cr in overground part showed a significant negative correlation with acetic acid extractable Cr and residual Cr.(5) The content of inorganic elements in Dashen is influenced by the distribution element speciation in rhizosphere soil, and element speciation of rhizosphere soil can predict the content of inorganic elements in Dashen. The content of inorganic elements of Dashen is mainly affected by interation of exchangeable fraction, residual fraction, organic fraction and Fe-Mn oxide fraction element content in the rhizosphere soil. Among which As, B, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Pb, Ca, K, P and S content in Danshen have significant correlation with Mo, Mn, As, Ca, Cd, Co and B in rhizosphere soil. In the process of S. miltiorrhiza cultivation, we should pay attention to regulate the corresponding elements and water soluble fraction, exchangeable fraction, Fe-Mn oxide fraction and organic fraction content of other related elements content in soil, especially Cd, As, Mn, Cr and B elements.In summary, uptake and utilization of inorganic elements in S. miltiorrhiza exist different nutritional type, affected by the soil environment at the same time. Element contents of Danshen are affected not only by the influence of provenance but have correlation with elements exist forms, categories, total contentin soil environment.The element content of herbs is affected not only by provenance, and associated with the distribution of element speciation in rhizosphere soil, element type and total amount simultaneously. It is a result of uptake, translocation, transport and accumulation of inorganic elements in complex 'soil-S. miltiorrhiza' system regulated by genetic factor. The absorption and migration process of heavy metals related to the quality of S. miltiorrhiza, and K, Cr, P and Cd correlated with accumulation of active ingredient and the regulation and control are worth attention. This study has important significance in regulating rhizosphere process to ensure the safety, effectiveness and quality stability of the medicinal materials.