Study On The Origin And The Periodization Of Fu Yu Culture

During the more than five hundred years between the middle period of Xi Han Dynasty and later San Yan period of old China,there is an old national minority in northeast of China,of which is named Fu Yu.The earliest recordation of Fu Yu can be found in Shi Ji-Huo Zhi Lie Zhuan,which shows that the old country called Fu Yu Guo is established before the middle period of Xi Han.And the country destructed after twice aggressions from Murong Hsien-Pi,AD 285 and AD 346.From then on,Fu Yu Guo never has any power to be active in China history,and the culture of the nation starts to gradually decline since the fourth century.The study of Fu Yu is an important part of Chinese Borders Archaeology,how to identified the quality of sites or what is the origin of the culture,that especially are all controversial issues to be dicussed deeply.And the periodization of Fu Yu culture has never be described completely because of the lack of data.The main content of this paper just does some discussions on these three questions with the new archaeological data in this paper.The first point is that the origin and driving force of Fu Yu culture,namely,the first part of this article.Historical documents and archaeological data,from the two perspectives,the origin,driving force and destruction of Fu Yu had been selected,put in order and analyzed in this article.On one hand,clarifying relationships among Xi Tuan Shan culture,Bai Jin Bao culture,Han Shu II(the second period of Han Shu culture)and the early stage of Fu Ju culture.The representative potteries of the early Fu Ju culture are cup-mouth binaural pot,binaural jar and bowl etc.It was inherit from Xi Tuan Shan culture that the pot had "binaural" shape,but the factor of cup-mouth came from "Bai Jin Bao-Han Shu ?".And on this basis,combined with the ancestor myth of Fu Yu in literature,this paper discusses the origin of the old nation.After arriving at the place of Xi Tuan Shan culture,Dong Ming group got the control of that area,which encouraged the integration of two cultures,one is Suo Li culture represented by Dong Ming group,the other one is native of Xi Tuan Shan culture.Secondly,How is the prosperous period of Fu Yu,namely,the second part of this article.Recently,the main research results of academia for Fu Yu culture are more focused on this issue.This article applies the method of statistical analysis for the remains of the prosperous period of Fu Yu,namely,tombs in the middle stratum of Yu Shu Lao He Shen,and carries on the comprehensive analysis and the comparison.However,this paper argues that due to the scarcity of the archaeology data of ruins,we can only still discuss the burial system and burial customs of the prosperous period of Fu Yu.To a certain extent the types and shaps of the grave goods can reflect the basic features of Fu Yu,If we want to reveal the condition of Fu Yu culture completely,we have to require the further development of archaeological work.Thirdly what is the nation of the tombs of San Yan period in La Ma Dong cemetery,namely,the third part of this article.In 1998,the most important excavations had been completed,experts identified the tombs were remains of Hsien-Pi,and the data reporting had greatly promoted the academia of Murong Hsien-Pi.However,in 2000,Tian Likun pointed out the nation of those tombs should be Fu Yu,which was migrated to the bank of Da Ling river by Murong Hsien-Pi.(????????????????????)In 2004,the archaeological excavation report of those tombs was published,the report insisted the opinion of Hsien-Pi.In fact,the conclusion is still pending until now.After distinguishing with typical tombs of Murong Hsien-Pi nearly,as well as tombs in the middle stratum of Yu Shu Lao He Shen,we found the remains showed up a lot of Hsien-Pi culture characteristic in that period accordingly above-mentioned comparison of the tombs of San Yan period in La Ma Dong cemetery.Especially,in the shape of pots were similar to the pots of the tombs of Murong Hsien-Pi,however,those pots,which looks similar shape,have different size indeed,so their function are completely different in fact.As the result,we believe that the people,who were the owners of the tombs of San Yan period in La Ma Dong cemetery maintained the usage of large potteries,that is different with Murong Hsien-pi,who used little size potteries.Further more,the cultural feature of burial,custom and objects were not same as those of Hsien-Pi,but same as those of Fu Yu.Therefore,this paper identifies that the tombs of San Yan period in La Ma Dong cemetery are the remains of the evening of Fu Yu culture.Foruthly,what is the periodization of Fu Yu culture.In this article,Fu Yu culture could be divided into three periods.In the early Han dynasty(from the late of the second century to the middle of the second century BC),the first period of Fu Yu culture is typically represented by upper site of Pao Zi Yan Qian Shan,which is called pre-Fu Yu culture.In the middle period of Han dynasty(the head of the second century BC)Fu Yu culture had done into the boom period,though the prosperous time was over until 285AD,when the country was aggressed by Murong Hsien-Pi.It is the period in which Fu Fu is recorded mostly in the literature.The third is the period of decadence and decline,the country had faced depression,individuals were spread out and the culture was dying.We believe the tombs of San Yan period in La Ma Dong cemetery could represent the culture of that period of Fu Yu.