Study Of Antonio Gramsci's Practical Philosophy

Antonio Gramsci is the leader of the Italian Communist Party and a famous Western Marxist theorist.Combining the classical theory of Marxism with the revolutionary practice of Italy,he created a practical philosophy in his "Prison Notes".Based on Gramsci's "prison notes" and combined with the relevant text,this paper explains the specific content of practical philosophy,striving to make a macro understanding of the practical philosophy thinking.This paper will elaborate on Gramsci's theory of practical philosophy in the following five parts.The first part analyzes the theoretical source of Gramsci's practical philosophy,and expounds the most distinctive feature of practical philosophy.The birth of practical philosophy is mainly influenced by the following aspects: First,it inherited the ideology of the Italian thinker Machiavelli's political philosophy.Secondly,it was influenced by the idealist philosopher Croce's absolute historically thought.Again,it was affected by the Labriola's interpretation of "practice" from the perspective of materialism.finally,it was inspired by Lenin's political revolution.The second part elaborates on the theoretical standpoint and basic content of practical philosophy.It includes the following two aspects: One part analyzes the theoretical position of Gramsci's practical philosophy,expounds Gramsci's critique of traditional Marxism and speculative idealism,then describes the relationship between practical philosophy and Marxism.Another part explains the basic content of Gramsci's practical philosophy,including the unity of theory and practice,the identity of history and philosophy,and the concern of practical philosophy of human nature.By analyzing the basic content of practical philosophy,it is clarified that Gramsci's practical philosophy regards "practice" as the core of theoretical research.He advocates the unity of practice and theory in the social revolution,and the unity of philosophy and history in the process of practice.The third part analyzes the historical subject of practical philosophy,and expounds that intellectuals are the dominant forces of unifying theory and practice.First,it explains the definition of Gramsci intellectuals,and clarifies that Gramsci's criteria for judging intellectuals is that whether they can play the role of intellectuals in practice.Secondly,it analyzes the difference between traditional intellectuals and organic intellectuals,and explains that the socialist organic intellectuals play an intermediary role in the process of combining theory with practice.Thirdly,it analyzes that the reproduction of organic intellectuals mainly relies on the transformation of traditional intellectuals and the cultivation of political parties to intellectuals.Finally,it analyzes the theoretical guidance provided by the socialist organic intellectuals to the masses in the process of revolution and their organic unity with the masses in the revolutionary practice.The fourth part discusses Gramsci's theory of cultural leadership.The content includes the meaning of culture and leadership;civil society as the place of cultural leadership;the position war as the way to obtaining cultural leadership;the intellectuals as the organizer and propagator of cultural leadership;and cultural leadership's role in consolidating proletarian regime.Through the analysis of cultural leadership,to achieve the process of political revolution in theory and practice of unity.The fifth part discusses the influence of practical philosophy in academia and political practice.First of all,the author analyzes the practical philosophy's affects on the creation and development of Yugoslavia practical school's theories,the development of the practice philosophy by the party and their solution to the problem of socialist alienation.Secondly,it analyzes the influence of cultural leadership on Althusser's,and the extension by Althusser's ideology of state machine theory to the idea of cultural leadership.Finally,it analyzes the influence of Gramsci's practical philosophy on European communism.