A Discussion On The Issue Of"Learning From Germany1"of The Late Qing Dynasty Bureaucrats

Learning from Germany of bureaucratic group in the late Qing Dynasty was a special phenomenon in the foreign relations in the late Qing Dynasty.Through the history which Qing learnt from Germany,Qing Learning from Germany mainly in military.Lerning from Germany was divided into two periods according to the Gulf of Jiaozhou.Because of the similar historical background,good bilateral relations,sophisticated German weapons equipment and German positive attitude bureaucratic group in the late Qing Dynasty began to learn from Germany centered military before the Jiaozhou Bay event.They learnt from Germany by purchasing and copying German weapons and equipment,learning German military staff,hired German,translating German military works and send students comprehensive learning german.After Jiaozhou Bay event,the relations of China and Germany became worse.The bureaucratic group of the late Qing began to change the past state that learning from Germany in military roundly.Germany lost the monopoly situation in the reform of the bureaucratic group of the late Qing and large numbers of instructors were dismissed.At the same time,Japan had gradually strengthened its position and role in Chinese military.The bureaucratic group in the late Qing Dynasty began to“Learning from Japan”instead of “Learning from Germany”.After 1901 Treaty ending the Boxer war,Germany Implemented "modest" cultural and economic policy instead of the threat of force.Learning from Germany in military of the bureaucratic group in the late Qing Dynasty could be conducted sequentially.Then a coexistence of learning from Germany and learning from Japan appeared.But because the Japanese army mainly from Germany,Chinese military always influenced by Germany in the late Qing Dynasty.The military reform of learning from Germany in late Qing Dynasty changed the traditional method and military training,advocated the spirit of“advocating force”the martial spirit gradually accepted by people and the changing opened the modern transformation road of Chinese troops and provides valuable experience and reference for China military modernization development.