| Riemer and Diersch(2016)divided the spatial-time relationship into two types:the Spatial-time Association of Response Codes effect(STARC)and the spatial-time congruency effect.Taking the spatial-time relationship in the context of a language as an example,the STARC describes the consistency between the time word and the response key.For example,The time response is faster when the word represents the past time,press the left key to indicate the time word in the future and press the right key than the inconsistent condition;the spatial-time congruency effect describes describes the consistency result between the time word and the presentation position.For example,The reaction is faster when the past time word is presented on the left side of the screen and the future time word is presented on the right side of the screen than the other inconsistent condition.In the Riemer and Diersch(2016)experiments,continuous transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS)was given to the right posterior parietal cortex of human brain.Before and after the stimulation,only the congruency effect was affected without affecting the Association of Response Codes effect.It can be seen that the two spatial-time relationships based on different task processes are controlled by different brain regions,indicating that there may be differences in the processing mechanisms of the two effects.At present,there are two theoretical explanations of the relationship between time and space: Conceptual-metaphor theory and polarity correspondence theory.Conceptual-metaphor theory states that people are accustomed to describe an abstract concept with a concrete concept.Space-time relationship is such a mapping from concrete concepts to abstract concepts.Therefore,under the condition that time and space conceptual metaphors are consistent,the response will be faster than the conditions of metaphor inconsistency.The theory of polarity correspondence has different interpretations.This theory is based on the advantages of +polar machining,and is based on the principle of the overlapping of polarities between concepts.Its core view is that the total reaction advantage in the space-time relationship is dominated by the processing advantages of each task phase.The sum consists.Analysing past space-time studies based on the differences between the two theories,it was found that the STARC effect based on the “stimulus-response” task process supports conceptual metaphor theory,and the spatial-time congruency effect based on the “time-presentation” task process is not clear.Which theory is supported,but there is evidence in the research of other conceptual areas based on the same task process that supports polar correspondence theory(Lakens,2012;Lynott & Coventry,2014;Chang & Cho,2015).Therefore,we propose hypotheses: 1> Polarity correspondence theory can explain spatial-time congruency effect;2>Temporal-spatial relations between two different task processes support different theoretical explanations.In this study,undergraduates and postgraduates whose native language is Chinese are further studied for the above two hypotheses:Experiment 1 manipulated two variables of time word and presentation position,and designed it with 2(time word: past/future)*2(presentation position: left/right)in order to verify whether space-time consistency effect can be used.The polarity corresponds to the theory to explain.The results show that the word of the future has the fastest response in the right and there is no difference in the response of the other three conditions.This result is consistent with the predicted response time model of the polarity correspondence theory and supports the interpretation of the spatial-time congruency effect by the polarity correspondence theory.Experiment 2 is based on conceptual metaphor theory and polarity correspondence theory in predicting the difference in response time model,while simultaneously manipulating the three variables of time word,presentation position and response,adopting 2(time word: past/future)*2(presentation position :left/right)*2(response key: left/right)The subjects were designed to verify experimental hypothesis 2(the temporal and spatial relationships of the two different task processes support different theoretical interpretations).In the same task,the experiment includes the two processes of “ stimulus-response” and“stimulus-presentation position”,which facilitates the verification of two time-space relationships based on different task processes in the same task process.Predictreaction time patterns.The results show that the spatial-temporal joint coding effect based on the “ stimulus-response” task process supports the interpretation of the concept metaphor theory,while the reaction-time trend of the “stimulus-presentation position” process does not conform to the concept of metaphor theory and does not conform to the polarity correspondence theory..The reasons for the analysis may be as follows: 1> The left and right buttons in the experiment deviate from the center of the screen to the left,which may lead the subjects to form the left space advantage;2>Both metaphor and polarity exist,because the main task of the experiment is the forced selection task.The "stimulus-presentation" process is actually a metaphorical task.Therefore,the subject is more influenced by the metaphorical consistency than the influence of the conceptual polarity.Therefore,Experiment 3 verifies the experimental hypothesis 2 again by adjusting the dominant end of the concept.Experiment 3 is based on another difference between conceptual metaphor theory and polarity correspondence theory(polarity corresponds to the polarity of the theoretical task concept is flexible and variable,and conceptual metaphor is not affected by the concept polarity),and experimental hypothesis 2 is also verified.The experiment uses a mixed design of 2(word frequency: 75% future words/75% past words)*2(time words: past/future)*2(presentation positions: left/right)*2(reaction key: left/right),Word frequency is the inter-subject factor,and other variables are internal factors.It was found that the interaction between the time word and the reaction key is not affected by the frequency of the word frequency.Although the time word is regulated by the word frequency,the time word and the response key are under the condition of 75% past words and 75% future words.The interactions between the two groups are significant,and the post-hoc test results also show that under both conditions,the conditions are faster than metaphorical inconsistency under the condition of consistent metaphor.The results are the same as in Experiment 2.Both support the interpretation of the spatial-temporal joint coding effect of conceptual metaphor theory,and the interaction between the time word and the presentation position is regulated by the word frequency.Under the condition of 75%future words,the time word is The interactions between presentation locations aresignificant,and post-hoc test results show that participants responded faster than metaphorical inconsistency conditions under the condition of consistent metaphor,while under 75% past words,interactions between time words and presentation locations also Significantly,but the results of the post hoc test were reversed: Subjects reacted significantly faster than metaphorical conditions under conditions of inconsistent metaphors.The results support experimental hypothesis 2: The spatio-temporal relationships of two different task processes support different theoretical hypotheses.The space-time joint coding effect supports conceptual metaphor theory,while the spatial-temporal consistency effect supports the polarity correspondence theory.This study draws the following conclusions:1.Conceptual metaphor theory can explain the spatial-temporal joint coding effect based on the "stimulus-response" mission process.2.Polarity correspondence theory can explain the spatial-temporal consistency effect of the task process based on "stimulus-presentation position".In the GO-NO go paradigm,or by adjusting the dominant end of the concept,it can produce the result that meets the polarity-correspondence theory expectation. |
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