Japan Replace British To Take Over The Control Of China's Customs Sovereignty From 1937 To 1938

After a period of Japanese people reform,Japan's national strength was being stronger.During the 1930s,Japan's invasion and expansion of China gradually deepened.After Japan occupied North China and Shanghai,Japan tried to control Chinese Customs in order to further control China and resolve the shortage of funds and materials brought about by the war.However,for a long time Chinese Customs had been under the control of Britain,and it was also the biggest beneficiary of Chinese Customs.If Japan wanted to control Chinese Customs,it would surely attract the attention of the British government.On the other hand,Chinese Customs was an important part of China's territory and administrative institutions,Chinese government and people expressed strong opposition to it.But during the negotiation process,the Chinese government had always been excluded and could only accept the results of negotiations between Britain and Japan.This essay mainly studies the Japan replace British took over the control of the Chinese Customs from 1937 to 1938.This paper is composed of introduction,body and conclusion.Introduction includes the origin and meaning of this question,concludes the current studies from both national and foreign,and introduces the quotes in this essay.At last,this part points out the importance and innovation in this essay.The body is formed by six parts.The first part mainly introduces the background of the Chinese Customs problem in 1937.In the 1860s,the British controlled Chinese Customs.By 20th century,due to the weakening of its own economic strength,the challenge of the control of the sea to other countries,and the influence of the Chinese national liberation movement,the British government's control over Chinese Customs had gradually decreased.Japan's strong power had accelerated the pace of its foreign expansion,it gradually occupied the northeast of China,entered northern China and Shanghai.Japan's expansion had influenced British interests in China,causing conflicts between Britain and Japan.On the other hand,China also actively strived to recover the control of the customs.The Nanjing National Government wanted to regain the control power by renewing the Customs new treaty,but the effect was not obvious.The second part mainly introduces the negotiations between China,Britain and Japan on the issues of Tianjin and Qin customs.After Japan occupied the North China region,it proposed to deposit the taxes of the Tianjin and Qin customs to the Bank of Japan for custody,and only assumed the requirement of foreign debt.But Chinese government didn't accept it.In order to ensure that its foreign debt can be repaid in time and the integrity of the customs,the Britain actively intervened between China and Japan.Japan's tough attitude and Britain's concessions had finally led Japan to control the tax revenues of Chinese Tianjin and Qin customs,and had rapidly implemented pseudo-taxes in China in order to facilitate its own trade expansion in China.The third part mainly introduces the negotiations between Britain and Japan on the issue of Jiang Customs.After Japan occupied the Shanghai area,it also put forward to control over Jiang Customs.As the biggest beneficiary of Jiang Customs,Britain didn't agree at first,but finally it chose to compromise.The negotiation between Britain and Japan was divided into two stages.The first stage was from November 1937 to January 1938.The second stage was from February to May 1938.During the entire negotiation process,the Chinese government was excluded and was not informed until the end of the negotiations.The fourth part mainly introduces the illegal agreement between British and Japanese about Chinese Customs on May 2,1938,and it content.In the agreement,the customs revenues were all attributed to Japan and only the payment of foreign debts was apportioned.The agreement didn't mention of domestic debt.Britain tried to safeguard its own interests in China by sacrificing Chinese interests.Since then,Britain had continuously forced China to implement the agreement.The Chinese government refused to accept this agreement because China didn't participate in reaching the agreement.The fifth part mainly introduces the resistance of the Chinese people.In the face of Britain and Japan's disregard of China's rights and interests,the Chinese people had expressed strong dissatisfaction.During the Sino-Japanese negotiations,the media's public opinion,the establishment of the China Sea Staff Association,and the support of people from overseas,they all made the Chinese government have to pay much attention to the negotiations.After the signing of the agreement,the critique appeared in major newspapers,and the movement gradually emerged.People from all walks of life went on strike to prevent Japan from taking over Chinese Customs.The rise of the movement brought considerable resistance to the British-Japanese talk,and it also forced the Chinese government to make effort to safeguard Chinese Customs'sovereignty and interests.The sixth part mainly introduces the implementation of the agreement after its signing.Even if the agreement was signed,the discussions on the pseudo-taxes and payment of foreign debt had not stopped.Although Japan claimed that it would pay foreign debt,it had not actually acted.And it made the economic contradictions between Britain and Japan increasingly prominent.At the same time,Britain realized that its own rights and interests in China were continuously being weakened.Britain had begun to consider whether to assist China or not,but in the case of appeasement policy,it still didn't take active measures.Owing to this,Japan's ambitions had been stronger,and proposed the establishment of a "new order in East Asia".The conclusion part summarizes Japanese success in taking over the control of Chinese Customs.Under the guidance of appeasement policy,Britain continued to compromise and Japan gradually increased its ambition of expansion.Although the resistance of Chinese government and people,it was difficult to maintain its own rights and interests because of its weak strength.From this,we can see that not only does the policy adopted by various countries have an impact on diplomacy,the strength behind each country is the key factor that truly determines foreign policy and diplomatic strength.