The Study Of The Vocabulary Of "The More Books

Yuejueshu(???)is a literary and historical work among novels,local records and historical biography,which is the earliest exiting local records.This paper takes traditional exegesis and modern lexicology as the guidance and adopts quantitative and qualitative methods as well as methods combining description and explanation together to make an exhaustive description for its used lexical system.This paper consists of seven chapters.The first chapter is introduction,which mainly introduces content,author,book age,and version,current research situation of Yuejueshu(???)as well as reasons,purpose and methods of this paper.In this paper,we agree with the saying that Yuejueshu(???)is written by Yuan Kang(??)and Wu Ping(??)in Eastern Han Dynasty.Yuejueshu(???)of Le Zu Mou(???)has been selected as the master copy(Shanghai Classics Publishing House,1985 version).It is pointed out that current researches on Yuejueshu(???)mainly focus on three aspects:1.Textual research on its author,book age and book name.2.Exploration of its literature,culture and historical value.3.Research on collation,exegesis,translation and annotation;however,there is no scholar that studies it purely from the perspective of linguistics.There are three reasons for selecting Yuejueshu(???)as the book for vocabulary study,which include 1.Vocabulary research is of important significance for studying Chinese development history and inheriting our ancient cultural heritage,but research on Chinese vocabulary is relatively weak.2.Research on vocabulary in special book can avoid general speaking as certain scope has been confirmed;it is a scientific and reasonable vocabulary research method.But it starts late,so there is still big research space.3.Yuejueshu(???)is with wide coverage,extensive word range and rich vocabulary,which includes a lot of common sayings at that moment and can fully presents the oral features at that moment.It meets several standards of selecting special book material and is with high special book research value,but there is no scholar that makes research on the special book vocabulary.The research purposes of this book are:1.It makes up for the blank of research on vocabulary in Yuejueshu(???).2.It summarizes the vocabulary feature of Yuejueshu(???);at the same time,infers the language development situation in Eastern Han Dynasty and understands the linguistic landscape at that moment.3.Yuejueshu(???)is the“originator of local records”.Characteristics of local records styles can be summarized through studying its vocabulary characteristics.4.Yuejueshu(???)has been used to revise Hanyudacidian(?????),which makes contribution to solve the issues of delayed documentary evidence,loss of words and missing of meanings etc in Hanyudacidian(?????).The second chapter is the research on monosyllabic words in Yuejueshu(???).This chapter makes exhaustive research on monosyllabic words in Yuejueshu(???).Firstly,it divides the monosyllabic words into 11 categories of nouns,verbs,propositions,adjectives,conjunctions,numerals,modal particles,quantifiers,auxiliaries,pronouns and adverbs based on property of word and then it makes more detailed classifications for each category based on semantics.There are totally 1467 monosyllabic words in Yuejueshu(???),which involve extensive contents;the verbs are the most,accounting for 43.77%of the total and the using frequency for proper nouns is the highest,there are 1.63%quantifiers as well as many phenomena of polysemy and multiple-category membership,there are also a lot of antonyms and synonyms.The conclusions can be drawn that 1.Rich lexical categories have indicated that the grammatical function of Yuejueshu(???)is very complete.2.Rich quantifier is one of the important features of modern Chinese.Quantifiers are seldom used in ancient Chinese,but the number of quantifiers in Yuejueshu(???)has exceeded 1%,which indicates that its language is relatively mature.3.Phenomena of many polysemy and multi-category words is related to the fuzziness of language.4.Extensive contents of vocabulary and massive adoption of proper nouns have explained that texts of local records category are with comprehensive and material characteristics;at the same time,all proper nouns in the book are related to Wu Yue area,which also indicates that texts of local records category are with regional characteristics.The third chapter studies polysyllabic words in Yuejueshu(???),which makes exhaustive research on polysyllabic words in Yuejueshu(???).It firstly divides polysyllabic words into single words and compound words,and then divides the single words into reduplications and binome words and divides compound words into partial formal,joint type,dominant type,statement type,overlapping type,additional type and comprehensive type and analyzes semantic structure and grammatical structure of each category.There are 1362 polysyllabic words in Yuejueshu(???),which accounts for 48.14%of the total number of vocabularies.The number of disyllabic words takes the dominant position;there are 14 idioms,grammatical words accounts for 92.65%,in which the dominant type accounts for 9.9%while phonetic words only account for7.34%.Following conclusions can be drawn:1.The adoption of polysyllabic words is relatively mature,which indicates that polysyllabic words have developed to a certain scale in Eastern Han and Western Han Dynasties,which presents the trend of Chinese disyllablization.2.The decreasing of phonetic words indicates that Chinese vocabulary is changing from phonetic words to grammatical words.3.The increasing of dominant type word formation in modern Chinese shows that the development of polysyllabic words is becoming gradually mature.4.Disyllabic words in Yuejueshu(???)take absolutely dominant position,which indicates the“simple”and“following local customs”principle of language development.The fourth chapter is research on synonymous words in Yuejueshu(???).This chapter divides 134 sets of synonymous words into monosyllabic synonyms,polysyllabic synonyms as well as synonyms composed of monosyllabic words and polysyllabic words.It is found out that in Yuejueshu(???),the synonyms have been used extensively,monosyllabic synonyms account for78.35%of the total synonyms;in addition,monosyllabic synonyms are usually taken as morphemes,which compose synonymous and parallel joint polysyllabic words and then applied in the paper.In Yuejueshu(???),there are a lot of phenomena that the same word composes synonymous relation with different words in different sememes.There are also 35.79%synonymous relations composed of many words.Following conclusions can be drawn:1.The massive use of synonyms in Yuejueshu(???)avoids the repetition of word using in the article and makes use the differences in synonyms,which makes the article expression more comprehensive and makes the article with literature characteristics.2.Synonyms in Yuejueshu(???)are with unbalanced characteristics,which relates to the polysemy of monosyllabic words.3.The reason for monosyllabic synonym taken as the morpheme composing the beginning part of synonymous and parallel joint polysyllabic words is the need of meeting neat syllables;it has become an important method composing Chinese disyllabic words gradually later.The fifth chapter studies antonyms in Yuejueshu(???).The chapter divides 179 sets of antonyms into monosyllabic antonyms,polysyllabic antonyms as well as antonyms composed of monosyllabic words and polysyllabic words,and then it refines each category of words in complementary,reverse and antonymous standard.It is found out that most of antonyms in Yuejueshu(???)are used in perspective expressions.It focuses on monosyllabic words and82.32%antonyms are antonymous antonyms.In part of speech,number of noun antonyms is more for literature proportion in the same period.There are many phenomena of multiple-category membership.In antonymous corresponding relationship,there are both“one to one”and“one to more”relationships.Following conclusions can be drawn:1.Adopting antonyms to express personal opinions not only makes the sentence with neat and symmetric beauty,but also strengthens the momentum of article.In addition,adopting antonyms to make positive and negative elaborations for object can highlight the characteristics of objects and express personal perspectives thoroughly and vividly.2.Antonyms in Yuejueshu(???)are also with unbalanced characteristics.The sixth chapter makes use of Yuejueshu(???)to revise Hanyudacidian(?????),which has supplemented 11 missing items,3 meanings and advanced 36 documentary evidences.It has confirmed the important role of texts of local records in enriching the Chinese vocabularies.The seventh chapter is conclusion part,which has summarized the conclusions drawn from the above chapters:1.The language adoption in Yuejueshu(???)is relatively mature and the Chinese development in Eastern Han Dynasty is relatively mature.2.Yuejueshu(???)is with rich unbalanced synonyms and antonyms,which make the Yuejueshu(???)with strong literature.3.The vocabulary using situation of Yuejueshu(???)can reflect that styles of local records are with regional,comprehensive and material characteristics.4.Texts of local records have unique value in research on Chinese vocabulary.