A Longitudinal Study Of The Sense Of Number And Fluency Of Children In The Second Grade Of Primary School

There are a lot of factors affecting the development of children's mathematical ability,researchers explore it from different aspects(Locuniak&Jordan,2008;Seethaler&Fuchs,2010;Jordan,Kaplan,Nabors Olah,&Locuniak,2006),and found that the number sense,computing fluency,family socioeconomic status,cognitive level and so on all have an impact on children's development of mathematical ability,therein the number sense(number sense)refers to the individual's understanding of quantity and quantitative relationship(Jordan,Kaplan,Ramineni,&Locuniak,2009),which is the strong predictor of children's mathematical difficulties and the strong predictive variable of children's counting processing,processing performance of quantitative comparison and problem solving abilities(Seethaler&Fuchs,2010).And computational fluency(calculation fluency or computational fluency)is the characteristics of low-grade mathmatics.Those children who have poor development of computational fluency are easier to have difficulties in learning mathmatics in the future and become MD children.(li-jin zhang,Bi Yuan,Liang Yi,Liu Minhong,2016).Family social-economic status(family social-economic status,SES)is closely related to children's cognitive development and academic condition.Compared with the high SES children,low SES children's cognitive development and academic status are at a disadvantage(Hollister-Short,2016;Schneider,Keesler,&Morlock,2010).SES has a restricted role on children's early mathematical ability development.Low SES children on the number counting,quantitative relationship and operating capacity of count lag behind those of normal children.And they are also high-risk population that have difficulty in mathematics study.(Jordan,Glutting Ramineni,&Dowker,2008).In addition,the children in lower grade of elementary school whose cognitive ability is significantly associated with their development of mathematics ability(Bull,Espy,&Wiebe,2008;Geary,Hoard,Nugent,&Byrd-Craven,2008).And elementary school children's cognitive ability has a significant prediction of their computing ability and number axis estimating.Children with low-level cognition are poor at developing counting ability and quantitative comparison,and their ability of numerical representation also lags behind that of normal children.There has been research discussing the relation between number sense and calculation fluency of the children in the first grade.However,the development of number sense is dynamic,and children at different ages whose number sense and calculation fluency may have differences.Therefore,this study selected second grade children as subjects,to make further discussion about the relationship between number sense and computing fluency.At the same time,to make a further discussion about the relationship between number sense and computing fluency of the children of different SES and cognitive level.This study adopts the design of longitudinal study in two time points(5 months seperated)to collect data,using the Questionnaire of Children 's Family Economic Condition to divide the children into different social economic status(312 of middle and high SES,low SES of 215),using the raven standard reasoning test children to divide children into different cognitive levels(158 people of high cognitive level,158 people of low cognitive level),and using the development of children's number sense test and data task to measure children's number sense and computing fluency level separately.First,divide children of different cognitive levels into groups according to the different social economic status,and then in the condition of children of different cognitive levels,discuss the difference between children's number sense and computing fluency level whose social and economic status are different.Then,using cross lag correlation analysis to compare the different high and low SES children and cognitive level of children's number sense and causal forecasting effect comparison between computing fluency.Results show that two groups of the cognitive level of children's number sense and the development direction of computational fluid sex differences,two groups of SES children's number sense and the development direction of computational fluid sex difference is significant.This study show a the following conclusions:(1)the development of number sense and computing fluency are significantly positively related.High number of children has high computing fluency ability,low number of children computing fluency development ability is low.(2)different cognitive level of children on the relationship between number sense and computing fluency,high cognitive level of children fluency is the basis of number sense predictive calculation,and low cognitive level are several children and relationship to the calculation of fluency.(3)SES children sense of development and development trend of computing fluency shows significant difference,and the relationship between the two-high SES in children's number sense and calculate the overall level of fluency is higher than low SES children,medium-high SES children show calculation of fluency is the predictor of feeling,low SES are several children and relationship to the calculation of fluency.