Turkish Political Democratization Study (1945-1961)

Turkey,as a democratic country with a higher degree of secularization in the Islamic world,has a high research value.The Turks' thinking about democracy and freedom can be traced back to the Ottoman Empire,and the political legacy of this period has important implications for the subsequent establishment of the Turkish Republic.The Turkish republic set up in 1923.The Turkish republic set up in 1923 implemented unicameral legislature,which named the Grand National Assembly as its parliamentary system,and one-party system,the Republican People's Party as the form of party organizations.The beginning of the Turkish democratic politics was the period when the party system changed from the one-party system to the multiparty system,the establishment of the second republic of Turkey in 1961 marked the end of the democratization of Turkish politics.This period marked the rapid development of the democratic politics in Turkey,with the increase of the public political participation,the consolidation and development of the multiparty system,the appearance of parties that represented the interests of all classes,for example the "left" party,which demands social justice and justice.In addition,the military coup in 1960 provided a new way of thinking for the democratic development of the Republic,that is,when democracy suffers setbacks,the army will intervene,followed by the constitutional amendment and the reorganization of parliament.Above all,the initial stage of the Turkish democratic politics has met with many problems:Political Islam,authoritarian rule,political party dictatorship,Kurdish nationalism and so on.These problems still exist in the subsequent development of the Republic's democracy.And political Islam and the dictatorship of political parties is particularly serious.When explore the cause of these problems.On the one hand,the Turkish secularization task has not completed yet,the arrival of democratic politics complicates the secularization policy that is being promoted,leading to the emergence of political Islam.On the other hand,the Republic of Turkey lacks a political culture conducive to the growth of democratic government,and the only political culture experienced by Turkey is only one-party politics.Until today,these problems still plagued the development of the Turkish modern nation-state.This article contains the following four parts.Part I:Analyze the preparation of the Turks for the opening of democracy.This part contains two meanings:first of all,the modernization reform of the Ottoman Empire,from which modern politicians and political thoughts emerged,had great influence on the opening of the democratic politics of Turkey;Seconds,the political structure of the Republic of Turkey provided the necessary protection for its democratic politics.Especially the Kemalism for the political structure of the Republic of Turkey and the smooth functioning of the modern political system of the Republic are all significant factors for the opening of democratic politics.Part II:Elaborate on the opening of democratic politics in the Republic of Turkey.This part mainly analyzes the progress and setbacks of the opening stage of the Republican democratic politics from the establishment of the multi-party system in Turkey and the Democratic Party's ten years of governance.It shows that in the latter part of World War II,especially in the Democratic Party period,the Republican People's Party and the Democratic Party's thinking on national politics pushed forward the beginning and development of democratic politics in Turkey from both sides.Especially in the Democratic Party period,from the positive view,this period marked the implementation of election fair and the increase in the public political participation;from the negative side,the chaos that was caused by the Democratic Party led to the rethinking of the unreasonable factors in Turkey's modern political system by some Turkish political elite,which in turn contributed to the promulgation of the Constitution of 1961.Part III:Discuss the frustration and recovery of democratic politics in the Republic of Turkey.This section mainly deals with the 1960 military coup and the subsequent establishment of the second Turkish republic.The 1960 military coup d'etat caused by the dictatorship of the Democratic Party can be said to be a setback in the Turkish democratic politics.However,after the coup,the army did not control the state power,but instead transferred the power to the civil service government after the situation became steady and start the amendation of the constitution.The Constitution of 1961 effectively amended the original political framework of the Republic.Part IV:Evaluate the start of the Turkish democratic politics.This part mainly discusses the universality and particularity of the democratic politics of Turkey on the beginning stage,and focuses on the analysis of the influence of the democratic politics at the start stage on the subsequent development of democratic politics in Turkey.There are many problems in the initial stage of the Turkish democratic politics:political Islam,authoritarian rule,political party dictatorship,Kurdish nationalism,etc.,which remain in the subsequent development of the democratic development of the Republic.