Disparity Analysis Of Household Latrine Improvement In Rural China

Objectives:1.To analyze the regional differences of household latrine improvement in Rural China and their changes in time and space.2.To explore the main factors influencing the regional difference of household latrine improvement in Rural China.Methods:1.Data source:we collected the household latrine improvement data from 'Rural Lavatory Reformation Annual';we collected the data of disposable income per capita of county rural residents from provincial statistical yearbook;we retrieved the data of national poverty county from people's daily's official website;through the confirmation method,we collect the rural population,economy,weather,terrain and sanitation related data about Shandong province.2.Analysis methods:2.1 Gini coefficient and Theil index were used to analyze and review on their disparity.2.2 Analyzed the disparity of time and space distribution and its changing trends by spatial autocorrelation.2.3 Analyzed the main factors influencing the difference of household latrine improvement by using multiple linear regression.3.Data sorting:Used Excel to establish database and calculate the Gini coefficient,and used SAS9.4 to calculate Theil index and multiple regression analysis.used ArcGIS 10.3,Geoda1.8.16 to analyze the space-time distribution and its changes.Results:1.The coverage rate of sanitary latrines and harmless sanitary latrines had relatively large increase from 2006 to 2015,The coverage rates of sanitary latrines increased from 64.07%to 88.70%in eastern and from 58.82%to 74.78%in central China and from 38.90%to 69.78%in western China.2.In 2015,50%of the nation's county's coverage rate of sanitary latrines was greater than 80%.45%of the county's harmless sanitary latrines rate was greater than 60%,mainly distributed in eastern China.In central China,the coverage rates of sanitary latrines and harmless sanitary latrines mainly ranged among 60%-80%and 20%-80%respectively.In the west,the rates mainly ranged among 20%-40%and 0%-40%respectively.3.The change in types of sanitary latrines was not significant from 2006 to 2015.The main types in eastern and central China were three-septic-tank latrines and complete sewer flush latrine.In the west,the main types were three-unicom-pool latrines and three-septic-tank latrines.4.The disparity of sanitary latrines distribution decreased year by year among eastern,central and western China,but the disparity of harmless sanitary latrines was relatively large.The disparity of sanitary latrines distribution was mainly influenced by interregional differences from 2006 to 2010 and by regional difference from 2011 to 2015.The disparity of harmless sanitary latrines distribution was mainly influenced by interregional differences.5.The disparities of sanitary latrines distribution and harmless sanitary latrines distribution in eastern China were relatively small,and their differences contribute little to the overall difference.The western provinces were generally higher in the differences,especially Qinghai and Xinjiang province.The central provinces were smaller than the western.However,by considering the factors of the rural population number,some of the populous provinces,such as Anhui,Henan,Hebei,the difference among sanitary latrines and harmless sanitary latrines contribute largely to the overall difference rate.6.The distribution of sanitary latrines and harmless sanitary latrines on the space have significant positive correlation,namely that high coverage rate areas were adjacent to high coverage rate areas and vice versa.7.The "High-High" agglomeration and "Low-Low" agglomeration distribution of sanitary latrines had significant difference between the East and the West."High-High" agglomerations were mainly distributed in the eastern province,such as Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Fujian.The "Low-Low" agglomerations were mainly distributed in the western,such as Inner Mongolia,Ningxia,Shaanxi,Sichuan,Guizhou.8.The "Low-Low" agglomeration distribution of harmless sanitary latrines were mainly concentrated in the northeast and northwest cold areas.The "High-High"agglomeration appeared relatively later and the number was less,mainly in Zhejiang,Fujian,Shanghai.The results were basically identical between county's and provincial analysis in 2015,but they differ slightly within the results.9.No matter the coverage rate of sanitary latrines and harmless sanitary latrines had differences in different economic levels,with the increase of rural per capita disposable income,the coverage rate was increasing gradually.The coverage rate of sanitary latrines and harmless sanitary latrines in poverty counties was lower than in non-poverty counties.With the improvement of urbanization rate,the coverage rate of harmless sanitary latrines was increasing.Conclusions:1.Chinese rural latrine improvement had remarkable achievements from 2006 to 2015.Western and eastern China had the largest improvement,central China was relatively low.The investment of latrine improvement funds and relevant policies play an important role in promoting latrine improvement in western.2.The disparity of latrine improvement decreases year by year in from 2006 to 2015.However,the disparity of harmless sanitary latrines was still large.The disparity of sanitary latrines in Anhui,Henan,Sichuan,Shandong,Hebei,were in the medium level nationwide,however,due to its rural population,whose contribution rate to the overall difference was relatively larger.3.The "Low-Low" agglomeration distribution of sanitary latrines was mainly distributed in the western region.The "Low-Low" agglomeration distribution of harmless sanitary latrines was mainly distributed in the northwest and northeast cold regions.The "High-High" agglomeration distribution of the two types of latrines was in the eastern.Economy and temperature were the main factors that influence the"High-High" agglomeration and "Low-Low" agglomeration distribution of harmless sanitary latrines in the east and west.4.Generally,economic level,urbanization rate,geographical climate,living habit are the important factors that influence latrine improvement.The higher economy,there is more money to support latrine improvement.With higher urbanization rate,villagers enjoy good health facilities.Remote geographical location,poor climatic conditions,high cost of latrine improvement,lack of appropriate types of harmless sanitary latrines;Backward concepts of life and religious beliefs of some ethnic groups,accustomed to simple toilets and dirty toilet culture,people lack the desire to change toilets,it is more difficult to promote latrine improvement.